Despite significant progress in the study of the subtle mechanisms of interaction between cellular and molecular elements in immune responses, the general structure of the organs of the immune system, including the lymph node, has not been sufficiently studied, in particular in large farm animals. The lymph nodes of sexually mature camels have been studied anatomically and morphologically and advanced studies conducted using an X-ray system and a computer densitometer scanner with injection of a contrast medium. The topography and characteristics of the morphometric parameters (absolute and relative mass, linear measurements, volume) of certain somatic and visceral lymph nodes were determined. The mass of the lymph nodes studied varies according to the location and the interest of the organ in the satellite defense of the lymphoid system, For part of the x-ray examination of the lymph nodes, organs of large inguinal and axillary shape were selected after passing through a solution of tetraethyl-4,4-diamino-triphenylmethane oxalate, the lymph vessels were dilated and darkened, then iodine injections were made into the afferent lymphatic vessel of two lymph nodes; they were placed on the radiological cassette, a photograph taken on conventional radiography, for computer densitometer, the examination was made without preparation of the organs. A capsule encompasses the parenchyma of the lymph node, whose internal structure is composed of different zones, cortical, paracortical and medullary, on the one hand the lymphatic vessels were very clear especially with the conventional radiography with preparation of the organs, while the computer densitometer clearly revealed the deep texture of the parenchyma, basing it on the intensity of emission saturation from the use of computer densitometer.
This article has been peer reviewed and published immediately upon acceptance.It is an open access article, which means that it can be downloaded, printed, and distributed freely, provided the work is properly cited. Articles in "Folia Morphologica" are listed in PubMed.
The current research aimed to establish a method for measuring the percentage of diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining on immunohistochemical slides with high accuracy and efficiency. The R programming language was utilized in this endeavor. A total of 50 slides were collected from various types of tissue, and were stained using an anti-cytokeratin antibody and the DAB detection method. These slides were then scanned using a high-resolution scanner, and the resulting images were analyzed using R, a custom script was specifically developed to segment the tissue and DAB-positive areas, and calculate the percentage of DAB staining on the slide. The results were then compared to manual measurements of DAB staining performed by a trained technician. The R-based method was found to be highly accurate, with a mean absolute error of only 0.76 % compared to manual measurements, this study provides evidence that the use of R for DAB quantification is a fast and reliable alternative to manual methods, enabling the analysis of large numbers of slides in a short period of time. It offers a valuable tool for researchers and technicians in the field of histopathology, enabling them to quickly and accurately analyze DAB staining on immunohistochemical slides, which is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
The lymph nodes are organized lymphoid organs in which lymphocytes are located inside reticular stroma. The lymphoid parenchyma of lymph nodes is divided into separated cell zones, the most developed one is parenchyma in which the deep cortex located. The lymph nodes of small mammals, which are often used for laboratory research, The investigated lymph nodes in this research were Somatic (superficial cervical and axillary) and visceral (hepatic and mediastinal) lymph nodes were selected from mice (n = 5), guinea pigs (n = 5), hamsters (n = 3) and rabbits (n = 5). We used classical histological methods (determination of general histological structure of organs), morphometric (determination of the relative area of individual structural and functional zones), immunohistochemical (determination of location of individual cell populations). It was shown that the deep cortex of the parenchyma of the lymph nodes composed by separate structures «deep cortex units», and some of them are combined into complexes. Each unit is represented by a semicircular structure formed by lymphocytes and reticular fibers. The size of units is approximately the same in all studied animals and does not depend on the size of their bodies. The most developed units of the deep cortex were found in the superficial cervical ganglion, and the largest-in rabbits, where their size reached 3 mm. In all studied animals, units of the deep cortex are located at the same level, along the subcapsular sinus. The most developed component tissue of the studied lymph nodes is the lymphoid parenchyma, in laboratory mice it occupies a significantly larger area than in other animal species. The least developed were the central sections of units in the deep coating crust.
The two main pregastric compartiments of ruminants: rumen and reticulum work as anaerobic fermenter which allows them to use energetic and nitrogen substrates which are indigestible by monograstric animals. They have a major importance in this fermenter, also these microbes : bacteria, protozoa and fungi, on the degradation of cell-wall carbohydrates: cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, on nitrogen digestion and finally on the utilisation of the major minerals and trace elements. The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the protozoa populations in the rumen of Algerian bovines local breed, adult animals living in a relatively humid climate, basic ration based on straw and pastures during hot days. Whereas in cold weather rations are based on straw, cereals and grass forage. Usually not 2 to 5 × 10 6 ml of rumen containing organisms however, under certain feeding conditions, they represent at least 50 % of the rumen microbial biomass. Due to the difficulties in cultivate in vitro, their role and their metabolism are less known than those of bacteria. Ciliated protozoa are capable of transforming a large number of food and bacterial constituents in metabolites and cellular compounds which will then be used by the host animal. The importance of these activities is however still very controversial since in the absence of protozoa in the rumen, Isolation carried out on rumen fluid sampled of 20 cows. Rumen fluid was diluted in formaldehyde 10 % solution, and distributed in Sedgewick Rafter chamber. Then observed in optical microscope using Lugol's iodine coloration. Classified in three genders according to size. 11 different genders were identified; a considerable population of rumen protozoa was identified and classified for first time on Algerian local breed (Atlas).
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