Propionic acid (PA) is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to control fungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter, and drinking water for livestock and poultry. European Union (EU) certifies PA as the great of grain preserver and most efficient in controlling Salmonella and other pathogens. Recently it is used as feed additive in poultry and non-ruminant production. Suitable inclusion level of PA is 0.2 to 0.4% which can improve the overall performances of poultry. The preservative effect of PA is due to its antibacterial and mould inhibitory effect. High bacteriostatic property of PA is due to its pH reduction activity both in feed and gastrointestinal tract through pharmacogenic action on microflora. Propionic acidA with its growth promoting, health enhancing and antimicrobial effect has proven to be an effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in food animal production.
Six indigenous Bangladeshi Garole sheep (Ovis aries) (BW: 8±0.5 kg; Age: 1yr) were divided into two groups using a randomized block design to investigate the effect of total mixed ration (TMR) pellet feeding on growth parameter, blood metabolomics, carcass and meat characteristics. Control diet was composed of road side grass, rice straw, wheat bran, mustard oil cake, molasses, common salt which considered as loose total mixed ration (L-TMR) and treatment diet was pelleted form of L-TMR (P-TMR).In both the dietary treatments the animals were fed at 1.5 times of maintenance energy and protein requirement. P-TMR revealed a positive impact (p < 0.05) on live weight gain and feed conversion ratio than L-TMR. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in P-TMR group whereas there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in other digestible nutrients as well as plasma metabolites like plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL- cholesterol concentration between two dietary group. Dressing percentage and eye muscle area was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in P-TMR group but no significant difference was found between dietary treatments in term of disposition of body fat, proximate composition of mutton, all the sensory parameters except tenderness and overall acceptability. So, it could be concluded that, the P-TMR might be fed to sheep for better growth performance and higher meat production rather than production of functional mutton.Progressive Agriculture 28 (3): 222-229, 2017
A study was conducted in two southern coastal districts of Bangladesh (Noakhali and Lakshmipur) to assess the potentiality of the existing duck rearing system of the regions in summer and rainy season. One upazila from each district and three villages from each upazila were selected randomly. Fifty farmers were selected from each village having at least 5 ducks throughout the year. Thus, a total of 300 farmers were selected for this study. The informations were collected by using an interview schedule. The majority of the farmers (39%) belonged to middle-aged category. Thirty per cent farmers have got primary level of education. About 50 per cent farmers had large family size having an average of 7 persons per family. Twenty seven per cent farmers had small land size with an average of 1.00 ha per household. Sixty one per cent of the respondents considered agriculture as a main occupation. About 99 per cent farmers annually earned Taka 1502.00 from duck rearing. The majority of farmers (82.25%) are rearing Desi ducks followed by Crossbred (12%) and Hybrid (5.75%). Forty four per cent of the farmers cleaned their duck houses 2-3 times in a month whereas only 11 per cent cleaned their duck houses everyday, 22 per cent once in month, 18 per cent 4-6 times in a month and 5 per cent farmers cleaned their duck houses 7-10 times in a month. About 39 per cent farmers reared ducks under scavenging system with only natural feed resources and 61.5 per cent farmers used supplemental feed, mainly rice polish (118 g/bird/day) in summer season. Eighty five per cent farmers in both districts did not use vaccines against duck diseases. However, 10 per cent of the farmers buried their dead ducks somewhere else. It was found from the study that 70 per cent farmers preferred to sell their eggs and ducks to the foria and in local market. It was also observed that duck raising would be more profitable business if the problems related to it could be solved. In terms of profitability, income and employment generation, duck rearing appeared to be a promising sub-sector in agriculture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9922 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 132-141
The aim of this study was to standardize the feeding regimen and the body condition score (BCS) for maximum superovulatory responses in indigenous zebu cows. Ten regularly cycling 5-8-year-old dry cows, weighing 176--260 kg with BCS 2.5--4.5 were divided into two equal groups at random. The groups were maintained on either a good-nutrition or a high-nutrition diet. The feedstuffs were analysed by proximate feed analysis and the metabolizable energy content was estimated. After 3 months feeding, individual cows were injected (i.m) with 1500 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at day 10 or day 11 of the oestrous cycle (day of oestrus = day 0). Alfaprostol (6 mg) was injected (i.m) 48 h after the injection of PMSG to induce oestrus. At day 6 or day 7 (day of insemination = day 1), the contents of individual uterine horns were flushed with 150-200 ml of phosphate-buffered saline + 0.2% bovine serum albumin using a two-way Foley catheter. The embryos were identified, evaluated and graded as excellent, good, fair or poor under a stereomicroscope. For the good- and high-nutrition diets, the daily intake of green grass, straw, concentrate, dry matter, crude protein and estimated metabolizable energy by individual cows were 5 and 6 kg, 3 and 3 kg, 1.5 and 3.5 kg, 4.87 and 6.82 kg, 0.39 and 0.74 kg, and 39.60 and 59.12 MJ, respectively. The protein content was 8 and 11% in the good- and high-nutrition diets, respectively. The two groups of cows on different nutritional diets differed significantly with regard to body weight, body condition score and number of palpated corpora lutea (p < 0.01). For cows on the good-nutrition diet, the median number of recovered embryos and transferable quality embryos were three and two, respectively. The recovery rate of embryos was 79.30% of palpated corpora lutea. Cows on the high-nutrition diet did not yield any embryos. The indigenous zebu cows fed on the good-nutrition diet with BCS 2.5-3 were considered suitable for the induction of superovulation, the cows on the high-nutrition diet with BCS 4-4.5 were unsatisfactory and were more prone to cyst formation in the ovaries.
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen application on the yield contributing characteristics, biomass yield and nutritive values of cowpea forage. Five nitrogen levels viz: 0 (T0), 15 (T1), 20 (T2), 25 (T3) and 30 (T0) kg N/ha were applied in 20 plots in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The result showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer had significant (P<0.01) effect on plant height and highest plant height (96.25 cm) was observed at 25 kgN/ha. However, application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea did not show any significant effect on branching of plant. The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly (P<0.01) increased the green, dry and organic matter, and crude protein yield of cowpea forage. No significant difference (P>0.01) among the groups for chemical composition of cowpea forage was observed due to increasing rate of N fertilizer. Similarly, N fertilization had no affect on OM digestibility and ME content of cowpea forage. From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that the application of N at the rate of 25 Kg N/ha could be used for cowpea forage production. Key words: Cowpea; Nitrogen fertilizer; Yield; Chemical composition; Nutritive value DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9680 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&2): 83-88
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