An adaptive distributed consensus protocol (ADCP) for the automatic generation control of large-scale interconnected power systems is proposed in this paper. An updated strategy of the parameters of the ADCP is designed. Furthermore, the stability of the proposed ADCP is analyzed. A four-area power system that all the areas are connected in the large-scale interconnected power system is simulated in this paper. Comparing with the simulation results obtained by three control protocols, i.e., none protocol, distributed consensus protocol, and the proposed ADCP, the ADCP can obtain higher control performance. The feasibility and effectiveness of the ADCP are verified through the simulation results. INDEX TERMS Adaptive distributed consensus protocol (ADCP), automatic generation control (AGC), large-scale interconnected power systems.
In the presence of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) and conflict of independent optimization objectives among each electric vehicle aggregator (EVA), real-time optimal scheduling (RTOS) of large-scale EVs based on dynamic non-cooperative game approach is proposed for optimal decision makings in a dynamic pricing market. First, real-time optimal scheduling framework is designed to describe the flow of energy and information. Then, equivalent model of large-scale EVs is formulated to address "curse of dimensionality" caused by a large number of decision variables. Then, the potential game theory is used to study the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium (NE) solution. Finally, a distributed approach based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is designed to achieve the equilibrium. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves peak load shifting and reduces cost of EVAs significantly. Furthermore, the proposed method obtains higher-quality solution compared with other methods and is more applicable for real-time optimal scheduling of large-scale EVs due to its high computation efficiency and privacy protection. INDEX TERMS Large-scale electric vehicles; real-time optimal scheduling; dynamic non-cooperative game; distributed optimization.
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