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Objective: To evaluate the indications, intraoperative diagnoses, and complication rates of both diagnostic and operative hysteroscopic procedures. Materials and Methods: Five thousand four hundred seventy-four (5474) hysteroscopic procedures performed in the department of gynecologic endoscopy unit between May 2005 and December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed from the archives. Indications, intraoperative diagnosis, and complications of all gynecological endoscopic procedures are recorded. Results: Abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal and postmenopausal women was the most frequent indication for diagnostic hysteroscopies in 1,887 (40%) cases. The most common preoperative indication for operative hysteroscopy was endometrial polyps in 469 (55.7%) cases and submucous leiomyomas in 151 (17.9%) cases. In this series, the most common complication was uterine perforation which occured in 15 (0.27%) out of 5,474 cases and the rate for diagnostic hysteroscopy and operative hysteroscopy was 0.06% and 1%, respectively. Conclusion: Hysteroscopy is a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure with very low complication rate.

Aim: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) has significant consequences on cardiac functions. This study aims to evaluate cardiac functional parameters in late-onset (FGR) fetuses and compare those appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses. Material and Methods: Fifty-six singleton pregnancies were involved in this prospective case-control study. Delphi consensus was used to define late-onset FGR. We compared the E/A ratio, left myocardial performance index (MPI) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in late-onset FGR cases and gestational age-matched AGA fetuses. Results: Twenty-eight late-onset FGR and 28 AGA fetuses were enrolled. The mean gestational age in the late-onset FGR group was 34.1 AE 2.3 weeks and 34.4 AE 2.1 in controls. The E/A ratio was 0.88 AE 0.09 in AGA fetuses, 0.79 AE 0.11 in the late-onset FGR group, and significantly lower in late-onset FGR fetuses (p: 0.012). Left MPI was 0.51 AE 0.09 in AGA and 0.62 AE 0.11 in the late-onset FGR group. Left MPI was markedly higher in late-onset FGR fetuses (p: 0.024). TAPSE was 7.4 AE 2.9 mm in controls and 5.2 AE 1.8 in the late-onset FGR group, and it was significantly shorter in the late-onset FGR fetuses (p: 0.016). Conclusion: Late-onset FGR is associated with cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. Fetal echocardiography may be beneficial to detect those subtle cardiac changes.

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The extensive tubal metaplasia in and the p16 immunoreactivity of the glandular components of malignant polyps may be useful to distinguish such polyps from benign polyps.

Evaluation of the relationship between dental caries and urinary tract infections .

Purpose: To analyze postnatal abnormalities in idiopathic polyhydramnios and to estimate whether there was a significant association between the severity of polyhydramnios and postnatally diagnosed abnormalities. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of all idiopathic polyhydramnios cases that delivered at our center between 2017 and 2021. Cases were identified as idiopathic after excluding known fetal genetic and/or structural abnormalities (including soft markers for aneuploidies), Rh isoimmunization, fetal anemia, multifetal pregnancies, pregestational (preGDM) or gestational diabetes (GDM), and known infection with TORCH group agents. The primary outcome was the association between polyhydramnios degree and any abnormalities detected after birth. Additional outcomes were the odds of specific groups of abnormalities based on polyhydramnios degree. Results: Outcomes of 242 pregnancies with idiopathic polyhydramnios were analyzed. At least one neurodevelopmental, structural, or genetic abnormality was diagnosed in 16.1% of children born to women with idiopathic polyhydramnios. Moderate and severe polyhydramnios are significantly associated with at least one abnormality diagnosed after birth (45.9%, and 41.6%, respectively, p<0.05). Neurodevelopmental disorders were the most frequent abnormality (8.2%), followed by genetic abnormalities (2.4%), gastrointestinal abnormalities (2%) and nocturnal enuresis (2%). Odds of genetic abnormalities, neurodevelopmental disorders and nocturnal enuresis in moderate polyhydramnios were significantly higher (aOR=5.5, 95%CI 1.01-30.2; aOR: 8.9, 95% CI 2.7-23.7 and OR: 8.9, 95% CI 1.4-55.5, respectively). Gastrointestinal anomalies were significantly associated with severe polyhydramnios, as expected (OR: 15.4, 95% CI 2.4-97.5). Conclusion: Postnatally detected abnormalities are associated with moderate and severe idiopathic polyhydramnios. Particularly high risks include neurodevelopmental disorders, genetic abnormalities, gastrointestinal atresias and nocturnal enuresis.

Hydrometrocolpos is a pelvic cystic mass representing the distension of the vagina and uterus due to a lower genital tract obstruction causing accumulation of utero‐cervical‐vaginal secretions or urine in the vagina and endometrial cavity. Prenatal diagnosis is uncommon and differential diagnosis of the underlying etiologies is quite challenging in the prenatal period. We present three cases of female fetuses with hydrometrocolpos and discuss the prenatal differential diagnoses in the light of ultrasound findings along with postnatal diagnoses and outcomes.