Background: The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the effect of diet on telomere length. Methods: We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the National Institutes of Health, from inception to December 2016. Articles that assessed effects of diet on telomere length were included. Results: A total of 2,128 studies were identified, 30 were read in full, and 7 were systematically reviewed. Five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, covering 9 diets; a total of 533 participants were included. Study heterogeneity (I2) was 89%, and differences were not identified regarding average telomere lengths (mean difference 1.06; 95% CI –1.53 to 3.65). Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that there is no effect of diet on telomere length, but the strong heterogeneity in the type and duration of dietary interventions does not allow any final statement on the absence of an effect of diet on telomere length.
Background: It is well known that the family environment is associated with child health behavior and outcomes. However, there is a lack of available instruments to measure family health behaviors, even more so in languages other than English. The aim of the present study was to adapt and validate the Family Health Behavior Scale (FHBS) for Brazilian families.Methods: The FHBS was translated and culturally adapted for the Brazilian families. Psychometric properties (content validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity) and reliability (internal consistency, ceiling-floor effect, and test-retest) were evaluated in a sample of healthy community-dwelling children who were between 5 to 12 years old, of both sexes. Caregivers responded to the FHBS. Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing the FHBS scale with Body Mass Index (BMI) percentile, percent body fat, and physical activity level.Results: 272 children (54% girls) with a mean age of 7.9 years (SD = 2.0) and their caregivers were tested. Confirmatory analysis of the initial 4-factor structure (as proposed in the original English version of the questionnaire) suggested its performance was below acceptable. Exploratory factor analysis showed however an acceptable fit (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index = 0.79), and the factor loadings suggested a 7-factor model. Children who were considered obese (BMI percentile ≥ 97) had lower mean total FHBS scores than children who had a healthy weight or were overweight. Children who were classified as having a healthy fat percentage had higher FHBS scores than children classified as having an excessively high fat percentage. Children who were physically active had significantly higher total FHBS scores than children who were physically inactive. Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 and we noted acceptable values of the ceiling-floor effect. Test-retest analyses showed lower agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients than expected 0.63 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.78).Conclusion: The adapted Family Health Behavior Scale for the Brazilian population showed adequate psychometric properties.
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