The inadequate disposal of urban pruning residues can cause significant environmental impacts. The objective of the study presented herein was to quantify the carbon footprint and analyze four disposal scenarios for the urban pruning waste of the city of Joao Pessoa (Northeast Brazil). Software SimaPro was utilized for the quantification of the carbon footprint, with the IPCC 2013 GWP 100y impact evaluation method. The end-of-life treatments considered were sanitary landfilling (with and without collection of methane), simple municipal incineration, and reutilization of wood (transformation into briquettes). The results indicated that simple disposal in sanitary landfill generated 136.34 kg CO/t urban pruning waste collected (highest carbon footprint), sanitary landfill with methane collection emitted 113.43 kg CO/t waste, municipal incineration generated 71.31 kg CO/t waste, and reutilization of woody residues was the scenario with the lowest carbon footprint, with 27.82 kg CO/t waste. This study demonstrated that reutilization of biomass, besides being environmentally viable, presents the potential to contribute to the city's environmental quality, including the possibility of being used to obtain carbon credits.
In the energy supply and conversion system proposed herein, the following energy demands were considered for a hospital: electricity, sanitary hot water, steam, and cooling. A superstructure representing all options of equipment and energy resources was built, with conventional equipment as well as more complex technologies, such as absorption chillers and cogeneration modules. Two renewable energy resources were available: solar photovoltaic energy and biomass (sugarcane bagasse). The solution of a mathematical model based on mixed integer linear programming provided the optimal economic solution, constituted by the configuration of the system (equipment installed) and its operation strategy (how to operate each equipment, throughout one operational year). The objective function considered the minimisation of total annual costs, which encompassed fixed costs (equipment) and variable costs (maintenance and energy costs). A reference system was designed, where only conventional equipment was utilised (no cogeneration, no solar or biomass utilities available). The optimal economic solution included the utilisation of biomass to produce hot water and steam, with an annual cost that was 11% lower than the reference solution. Although the economic optimal solution did not install cogeneration modules, it took advantage of solar and biomass resources to achieve annual minimum cost.
Modern society experiences a progressive transition towards less harmful environmental behavior to foster sustainability. This study evaluated the carbon footprint associated with three types of urban pruning waste disposal: sanitary landfill (usual destination), generation of electricity, and generation of heat. A study case was carried out in the municipality of João Pessoa, Northeast Brazil. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology was applied to the material and energy inputs associated with each urban pruning waste disposal scenario, and the impact evaluation method selected was IPCC 2013 GWP 100y, which expresses environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. From the analyses carried out herein, it was concluded that the current practice (sanitary landfilling) presented the highest carbon footprint within the studied scenarios. The best scenario was the utilization of urban pruning waste for the generation of electricity, which presented a negative carbon footprint (avoided emissions).
The present study analyzed the disparity in the gross production value of plant extractivism between Northeast Brazil and Brazil from 1994 to 2012. The following location measures were used: location quotient (LQ), location coefficient (LC), redistribution coefficient (REDC) and coefficient of geographic association (Gac). The following regional measures were used: specialization coefficient (SC) and restructuring coefficient (Rc). Based on the location indicators studied, it was concluded that there is no disparity in plant extracted groups between Northeast Brazil and Brazil. Plant extracted groups explored in Northeast Brazil are relevant for Brazil (LQ), not concentrated (LC), and regionally distributed (Gac). REDC showed no structural changes. The regional measures (SC and Rc) showed identical specialization, with no changes in the production structure. However, studies on the disparity in Northeast Brazil at smaller regional scales (state, mesoregion, microregion and municipality) are needed.
*Autor para correspondência: donizete@dcf.ufla.br RESUMO: Objetivou-se neste estudo analisar a viabilidade econômica e determinar a rotação econômica de plantios de candeia em diversos espaçamentos, em condições de risco. O estudo foi realizado a partir de um experimento de plantio de candeia constituído de quatro espaçamentos (1,5 x 1,5 m; 1,5 x 2,0 m; 1,5 x 2,5 m e 1,5 x 3,0 m), para os quais se obtiveram os fluxos de caixa relacionados às diversas idades de corte. Para a análise de risco utilizou-se o método de Monte Carlo, tendo como variável de saída (output) o Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE) e, como variáveis de entrada (fontes de incertezas), as distribuições de probabilidade referentes ao preço da muda, da terra e da madeira, o custo de colheita, a taxa de juros e a produção de madeira. A simulação constitui na realização 50.000 de iterações, de onde foram extraídas as informações necessárias às análises. Concluiu-se que o espaçamento 1,5x3,0 m foi o mais viável economicamente e teve um nível de risco menor que os outros espaçamentos. A rotação econômica foi de 12, 13, 13 e 15 anos, para o espaçamento 1,5 x 3,0 m; 1,5 x 2,5 m; 1,5 x 2,0 m e 1,5 x 1,5 m, respectivamente. As informações obtidas acerca dos riscos econômicos envolvidos no plantio de candeia servem como ferramenta de auxílio na tomada de decisões em relação a novos plantios dessa espécie e também como base para futuros experimentos com a mesma, visando o aprimoramento de seu cultivo Palavras-chave: Análise de risco. Simulação de Monte Carlo. Custo de produção. ECONOMIC VIABILITY AND ROTATION OF FORESTRY PLANTATIONS OF CANDEIA (Eremanthus erythropappus), UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK ABSTRACT: The general objective of this paper was studying the economic feasibility and determining the economic rotation of candeia planting at various spacings under risky conditions. The study was conducted from an experimental planting of candeia consisting of four spacings (1.5 x 1.5 m, 1.5 x 2.0 m, 1.5 x 2.5 m and 1.5 x 3.0 m) for which the cash flows related to the different cutting ages were obtained. For the risk analysis the Monte Carlo method was used, its having the Equivalent Annual Value (EAV) as the output variable (output) and as input variables (sources of uncertainty) the probability distributions concerning
Este trabalho analisou o grau de concentração das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais no período 1961-2008. Os dados utilizados estão disponíveis na Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimento. O grau de concentração foi determinado por meio da Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), Índice de Entropia de Theil (E) e Índice de Gini (G). As principais conclusões foram: A participação brasileira nas exportações mundiais no agregado de produtos florestais é crescente ao longo do tempo; os setores mais significativos do agregado das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais, em ordem decrescente, foram o de celulose, madeira serrada, papel e papelão, painéis de madeira, madeira para fins industriais e energia. Segundo a classificação de Bain, a Razão de Concentração dos quatro e oito maiores exportadores de produtos florestais é moderadamente baixa; os indicadores HHI e de Entropia de Theil (E) mostram redução na concentração das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais e maior competição entre os países que comercializam tais produtos; o Índice de Gini indica que, apesar do aumento de exportadores de produtos florestais ao longo do período de análise, um número reduzido de competidores concentra frações cada vez maiores das exportações internacionais desses produtos; os índices sumários (HHI, E e G) indicaram que o aumento da competição e da concorrência não tem se traduzido em uma distribuição mais equitativa das exportações de produtos florestais, que levasse à redução das desigualdades e da concentração dos ganhos do setor; apesar da tendência decrescente dos CR(4) e CR(8), há uma elevação de G, isso porque os ganhos de escala do comércio internacional têm sido apropriado por poucos concorrentes; é recomendada cautela na análise dos índices sumários (HHI, E e G), que devem ser examinados em conjunto com os índices parciais [CR(k)] para não tirar conclusões errôneas; os países com expressiva participação na pauta de exportações, como o Brasil, devem buscar estratégias comerciais para reter as vantagens competitivas conquistadas, principalmente aquelas advindas do ganho de escala. Palavras-chave: economia florestal; concentração industrial; mercado internacional.
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