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Here, we investigated the effect of jump exercise on tumor growth, cancer cachexia, lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage function in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats (60 days) were divided into sedentary (C) and exercised (E) groups. Jump training consisted of six sets of 10 jumps in water with overload of 50% of body mass with 1 min of resting, four times per week for 8 weeks. After 6 weeks of training, half of each group was inoculated with 2 x 10(7) cells of Walker 256 tumor. Sedentary tumor-bearing and exercised tumor-bearing are referred to as T and TE, respectively. Tumor weight in the T group was 25 g. These animals display loss of weight, hypertriacylglycerolemia, hyperlacticidemia, depletion of glycogen stores and increase in PIF expression. Jump exercise (TE) induced a significant lower tumor weight, preserves liver glycogen stores, partly prevented the hypertriacylglycerolemia, hyperlacticidemia and, prevented the fall in body weight and reduced PIF expression. Lymphocyte was increased by tumor burden (T) and was higher by including exercise (TE). The same was observed regarding phagocytosis and lysosomal volume. Anaerobic exercise decreases tumor growth, cancer cachexia and increases innate and adaptative immune function.

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Cancer chemotherapy is associated with neutropenia and impaired neutrophil function. This study aimed to investigate whether supplementation with low dose fish oil (FO), providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy after surgical tumor (mainly gastrointestinal) removal is able to improve the function of blood neutrophils. Patients (n = 38) receiving chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin) were randomized into two groups; one group (control) did not receive a supplement, while the other group (FO) received 2 g FO/day for 8 weeks; the FO provided 0.3 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus 0.4 g docosahexaenoic acid per day. Patients in the control group lost an average of 2.5 kg of weight over the 8 weeks of the study. The number of blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNC), mainly neutrophils, and their functions (phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide production) decreased in the control group (average decreases of approximately 30, 45 and 17%, respectively). FO prevented these decreases and actually increased body weight (average of 1.7 kg weight gain; p < 0.002 vs. control group), PMNC number (average 29% increase), phagocytosis (average 14% increase) and superoxide production (average 28% increase). FO may be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced decline in neutrophil number and function.

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