RESUMO -A isquemia cerebral é fenômeno eventualmente observado durante procedimentos neurocirúrgicos e em patologias clínicas resultando em déficits neurológicos incapacitantes ou mesmo na morte. Por tratar-se de problema grave e de difícil solução, vários estudos têm sido efetuados com o objetivo de elucidar os mecanismos do fenômeno isquêmico no sistema nervoso central (SNC) e abolir ou diminuir seus efeitos através das drogas que protegem os neurônios (neuroprotetoras). Vários neurotransmissores estão envolvidos na isquemia e entre eles o glutamato destaca-se pela sua maior concentração no SNC. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a isquemia cerebral focal em ratos através da dosagem do glutamato e dos achados morfológicos em uma evolução temporal e demonstrar uma possível ação neuroprotetora do cetoprofeno. Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar, subdivididos em 4 grupos: um grupo controle e outro sham; e outros dois em que os animais foram submetidos a isquemia pela oclusão seletiva da artéria cerebral média por um fio obstrutor durante 15, 30 e 45 minutos. Os animais de um destes grupos foram tratados com cetoprofeno 15 minutos antes da isquemia. A isquemia foi avaliada através de estudo histopatológico e da dosagem do glutamato extracelular in vitro. A análise morfológica mostrou não haver diferenças entre os animais normais e do grupo sham. Nos animais submetidos a isquemia, as alterações apareceram aos 30 minutos e acentuaram-se aos 45. Os principais achados foram edema intersticial, desorganização cromatínica, vacuolização e desintegração nuclear. Os animais tratados com cetoprofeno apresentaram alterações semelhantes, porém menos intensas. Reduções nas dosagens in vitro do glutamato extracelular no córtex parietal dos animais submetidos a isquemia iniciaram-se a partir dos 30 minutos e acentuaram-se aos 45 e foram semelhantes nos animais com ou sem tratamento com cetoprofeno, indicando que esta droga parece não interferir com o metabolismo do glutamato na sinapse. Os achados histopatológicos no córtex parietal dos animais submetidos a isquemia , tratados ou não previamente com cetoprofeno, sugerem que esta droga tem um efeito neuroprotetor. PALAVRAS-CHAVE : isquemia cerebral focal, rato, glutamato, histopatologia, neuroproteção, cetoprofeno. Focal cerebral ischaemia induced by midlle cerebral artery occlusion and the neuroprotective effect of ketoprofen in ratsABSTRACT -Cerebral ischaemia is eventualy observed during neurosurgical procedures and in several clinical entities that may cause severe neurological deficits and even death. Because it is a severe and complex problem, several studies have been done aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of the ischemic phenomenon and aiming to abolish or to diminish its effects, using drugs that protect the neurons from ischaemia-induced damage. Several neurotransmitters play a role in cerebral ischaemia with emphasis to glutamate by its high concentration in the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of focal cerebral ischaemia in t...
Introduction Between 20-50% of neurosurgical patients may develop early perioperative complications, and 25% have more than one clinical complication. The most commons are high blood pressure (25%) and cardiovascular events (7%). Intraoperative hypertension is characterized by an increase of 20% in basal blood pressure. Objectives The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of perioperative hypertension in patients undergoing neurosurgery, and to propose one table with therapeutic options. Methods A review using Scielo, PubMed, Ebsco and Artmed databases with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles published from 1957 to 2015 were selected. Discussion Five factors were established as causes: arterial hypertension, clinical conditions, surgical procedures, and operative and anesthetic factors. Specific causes preoperative, intraoperative and posoperative. The pathophysiology may have some relationship with catecholamines and sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Conclusion Perioperative hypertension in neurosurgery may have many causes, some of them recognizable and preventable. This increased pressure may be associated with intracranial hematomas in some cases. The recognition and treatment of this disease can be helpful in the management of the postoperative period.
Introduction The observation of multiple lesions in a skull computed tomography (CT) scan is always cause for concern because of the frequent possibility of neoplastic etiology, although granulomatous, infectious, vascular, iatrogenic, demielinating, trauma, parasitic diseases, and strokes can produce a similar aspect on radiology. A wide range of non-neoplastic conditions can mimic a brain tumor, both clinically and radiologically, representing a potential pitfall for physicians involved in patient care. The study's goal is to alert specialists to the possibility of other neoplastic and nonneoplastic etiologies in the differential diagnosis of hypodense lesions in non-contrast. Methods We performed a literature review using PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Embase, Clinical Trials, Ebsco, and Scielo. Articles were selected in the period of 1986 to 2015. Discussion Knowledge of various etiologies when with multiple lesions appear on computed tomography allows specialists to guide the diagnosis to appropriate treatment, avoiding the irradiation of non-neoplastic lesions and unnecessary surgeries. The most common lesions were the neoplasm (74% to 86%), especially gliomas, followed by infections (8% to 15%), and infarcts (0.6% to 6%), which represent nonneoplastic lesions.
Introduction Chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is a hemorrhagic brain injury that persists for more than 21 days after its initial formation. The incidence is predominantly among the elderly population (> 65 years), and varies from 58 to 74/100,000 inhabitants. Spontaneous resolution is considered variable; in the literature series, it is < 1-20% of cases. Objectives To expose the CSH pathophysiological mechanisms of spontaneous resolution and some treatments that lead to hematoma volume reduction. Methods Literature review between 1971 to 2016, using the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scielo, LILACS and Cochrane databases using key-words, with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discussion Spontaneous resolution of the CSH pathophysiology is controversial; however, it can be attributed to four basic mechanisms: 1) outer capsule membrane maturation; 2) decreased fibrinolysis; 3) bidirectional flow of blood vessels; and 4) platelet plug. Some drugs, such as mannitol, corticosteroids, tranexamic acid and atorvastatin, contribute to CSH resolution, since they change the capsule membrane permeability, and inhibit the fibrinolytic and inflammatory systems. Conclusion Spontaneous resolution is unpredictable; in some cases, it has a large temporal evolution (of up to 6 years). It occurs in small or laminar collections, asymptomatic or with transient neurological symptoms, and the pathophysiology is still controversial to this day. Therefore, surgical treatment should remain the first option, even though the conservative management is adopted for some patients. Rigorous outpatient and radiological follow-up are recommended.
Introduction Technical developments in spinal surgery have reduced the number of surgical incisions and of the length of time for the procedure. Objective Describe topographical landmarks, anatomy and characteristics of the Wiltse access, a paraspinal approach to the lumbar spine. Methods A review of the literature was performed using as databases: PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, the Cochran Database and Google Scholar. Total 22 papers met the inclusion criteria, and they were all published between 1959 and 2016. Discussion The Wiltse approach is performed by median skin incision with lateral muscle dissection between the multifidus and the longissimus muscles, in a natural pathway. This approach allows access to the pedicles and to the lateral recess, enabling the performance of posterior spinal fusion and decompression and minimally invasive discectomy techniques. This access is less traumatic than the median approach, and it is ideal for lower levels, like L4–5 and L5-S1. Conclusion The authors strongly encourage this approach because they believe that, when well-indicated, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages and complications due to the fact that it is a less invasive procedure.
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