DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L–H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.
The idea that each debt crisis is unique and for this reason warrants a new and original solution (i.e. case by case) is generally accepted as a core principle of sovereign debt restructuring. This paper argues that the only factor that is unique in debt crises is the circumstance of default. When it comes to restructuring, precedents provide better guiding principles and have been playing an increasingly important role in debt restructuring than previously thought. This view has important policy implications for bondholders and issuers alike. If precedents are recognized as an intrinsic principle of sovereign debt restructuring, they have the potential of delivering a more stable and orderly work out mechanism.
An initiative has been developed by an oilfield services company to share its health, safety, and environment (HSE) knowledge and expertise with families and local communities, who in turn reinforce a HSE culture among employees, which helps make such a culture become a lifestyle habit for all. The initiative, "HSE for Youth", is a program designed to reach young people aged between 11 and 18. It focuses on seven themes: Injury Prevention, Road Safety, Personal Security, HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Water and Climate Change. Workshops are designed to be easy-to-implement and low cost, and are facilitated by volunteer employees, spouses and motivated people in the community. Participants include children of employees, clients, and members of local communities. This paper explains how the worldwide program was established, and how materials were developed based on the company's HSE expertise, as well as on external public health and educational expertise. All content is learner-centered and is flexible and adaptable to local contexts yet is framed by the company's corporate quality control system. Several hundred children have participated since the program was launched in 2008. The paper also describes a local adaptation of the program in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru called "HSE for Kids", tailored to reach a younger audience and their parents, and already implemented in seventeen offices and operational bases.
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