A Lei nº 11.638/07 alterou, substancialmente, as normas e práticas brasileiras de contabilidade e tais mudanças poderão ter impactos significativos no conservadorismo dos resultados contábeis divulgados. Conhecer o papel do conservadorismo e seus determinantes é importante para compreender a natureza, finalidade e implicações das estimativas contábeis. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se a promulgação da Lei n º 11.638/07 alterou o grau de conservadorismo contábil condicional de empresas brasileiras listadas na Bovespa e BMF BOVESPA. Para tanto, procedeu-se a uma pesquisa empírico-analítica por meio de coleta de informações relativas às companhias não financeiras de capital aberto que estavam listadas na Bolsa durante o período que compreendeu o primeiro trimestre de 2005 até o terceiro trimestre de 2009, no banco de dados Economática®. O modelo de Basu foi ajustado para medir o efeito da Lei nº 11.638/07 no conservadorismo condicional. Na hipótese de conservadorismo, os ganhos refletem más notícias (retornos negativos) mais rapidamente do que boas notícias (retornos positivos). Nesse modelo, a medida do conservadorismo (tratamento assimétrico dos ganhos e perdas) baseia-se na extensão em que a associação lucro-retorno é mais forte durante os períodos de más notícias, em comparação com os períodos de boas notícias. Para a amostra analisada, não é possível inferir se as novas regras tiveram algum efeito sobre o grau de reconhecimento assimétrico de perdas e ganhos. Todavia, importa observar que, em função do período de tempo abrangido, os resultados apresentados são preliminares e estão limitados pelo modelo de análise de dados adotado e pelas características da amostra utilizada no estudo, não levando em consideração outros importantes aspectos relacionados ao processo de adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade.
This research analyzes whether there is a temporal association between investor sentiment and earnings management in Brazil. Several studies have investigated the determinants of earnings management, such as factors inside or external to companies and regulatory requirements, but few have considered personal factors, such as investor sentiment in Brazil. With this investigation, it was apparent from the findings that accruals quality is affected by investor sentiment. For participants in the Brazilian capital market, this research reinforces the need for a more careful analysis of the results reported by companies, since managers, in response to investor sentiment, may manage earnings to inflate accounting profit through accruals and influence the market’s ability to price shares correctly. It is evident that accounting choices are much more than just financial decisions and are subject to investor sentiments. The effect of investor sentiment should be considered among the determinants of future earnings management. A sample of non-financial Brazilian companies that traded shares on the Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3) exchange from 2010 to 2016 was used. The investor sentiment index was calculated according to the methodology of Baker and Wurgler (2007). For earnings management, the models of Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995), Kothari, Leone, and Wasley (2005), and Dechow, Hutton, Kim, and Sloan (2012) were used. The estimates were carried out through regressions for pooled panel data, fixed, and dynamic effects using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Discretionary accruals are positively associated with investor sentiment in the Brazilian capital market, in a similar way to markets with greater informational efficiency and notwithstanding the code-law system. Analyzing low and high sentiment periods separately, the findings suggest that managers increase accruals after high sentiment and reduce them after low sentiment.
The present study investigated whether the use of economic profit in performance-contingent incentive contracts motivates individuals to act more consistently with the long-term goals of the firm when the horizon problem is present. An experimental design was conducted. The experiment used a single factor between-subjects and pre-post treatment with a control group. The experimental task was to invest resources in long-term actions with the goal of maximizing the future cash flow of a photocopy store. The study involved the participation of 76 undergraduate students, divided into three groups, and documented that participants rewarded by contracts based on economic profit acted more congruently with the goal set by devoting more effort to accomplish the task and improving performance in their investment decisions when compared to the control group (rewarded on the basis of a fixed wage) and to the second treatment group (rewarded on the basis of a contingent contemporaneous accounting profit incentive contract). The present study's key findings are consistent with the predictions of the agency theory and suggest that the economic profit helps to mitigate the problem of managerial myopia. These study findings also indicate that the economic profit in incentive contracts motivates agents to act more consistently with the firm's long-term goals even in the presence of the horizon problem. In addition, the present research documented new evidences of the inadequacy of incentive contracts based on distorted performance measures such as accounting profit.
RESUMOPartindo do pressuposto de que o resultado econômico é a melhor medida de eficácia para qualquer tipo de entidade, o presente trabalho procura abordar a problemática da avaliação das instituições federais de ensino sob a ótica do modelo da gestão econômi-ca, destacando as vantagens conceituais e operacionais de se estabelecer um critério de avaliação por resultados econômicos.A partir da análise feita por alguns estudiosos da avaliação de desempenho em instituições de ensino superior, são descritas algumas das principais deficiências dos modelos atuais de avaliação que são adotados pelo governo, principalmente pelo fato de não permitirem a identificação das reais contribuições geradas por estas instituições em termos de benefício sociais que possuem uma expressão econômica de valor.Um modelo operacional de apuração do resultado econômico para esse tipo de entidade é apresentado, bem como um modelo operacional de informação, com destaque ao processo de orçamentação, evidenciando sua importância na geração de informações sobre os resultados previstos e realizados como forma de subsidiar o processo de gestão e a implementação de ações corretivas por parte dos gestores a fim de que possam otimizar os resultados das suas ações gerenciais, na busca do melhor resultado econômico para as instituições federais de ensino superior. Palavras ABSTRACTStarting from the presupposition that the economic result is the best efficiency measure for any kind of entity, this paper seeks to approach the problem about the evaluation of federal education institutions from the perspective of the economic management model, highlighting the conceptual and operational advantages of establishing an evaluation criterion in accordance with economic results.On the basis of the performance evaluation analysis realized by some scholars in higher education institutions, we describe some of the main deficiencies of the current evaluation models adopted by the government, mainly because they do not allow for the identification of the real contributions generated by these institutions in terms of social benefits that can be expressed as an economic value.We present an operational model for determining the economic result for this kind of entity, as well as an operational information model, highlighting the budgetary process and demonstrating its importance when generating information on the previewed and actual results, as a way of helping the management process, as well as when implementing corrective actions by managers for them to be able to optimize the results of their managerial actions, in search of the best economic result for the federal higher education institutions.
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