Complete removal of prosthetic material in any cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection is safe and associated with low morbidity and mortality. Success of eradicating infection is high if all system components are removed. Temporary pacing in dependent patients may be performed safely on an outpatient basis.

Despite significant differences in baseline and disease characteristics between primary and recurrent CIED infection, a standardized radical protocol results in an equally high success rate in eradicating infection in both groups. Nevertheless, direct and un-delayed referral of patients with suspected CIED infection to specialized centres is recommended as it saves time for the patient.

Compared with the two antiseptics and the other tested antibiotics, nebacetin showed the best ratio of efficacy to toxicity. Nebacetin showed good in vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens without impairing human cell vitality. It is a safe and effective candidate for CIED impregnation.

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