Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica floral e determinar o índice de abortamento de flores de híbridos de canola (Brassica napus) e de mostarda castanha (Brassica juncea), bem como determinar suas relações com as condições meteorológicas do Sul do Brasil. Durante a floração, dez híbridos de canola e dois de mostarda foram avaliados a cada três dias quanto ao número de flores abertas, de síliquas e de flores abortadas. O número acumulado e relativo de flores foi usado para avaliação da dinâmica floral. A relação desses números com a soma térmica acumulada durante a floração foi determinada por meio de modelo logístico. A partir dos coeficientes desse modelo, identificaram-se grupos de genótipos com diferentes taxas de emissão de flores. O abortamento de flores entre híbridos variou de 10,53 a 45,96% e correlacionou-se com a temperatura e a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera. Genótipos com maiores tempos térmicos entre o período de máxima emissão de flores e o final da floração geralmente apresentam maiores percentagens de abortamento de flores. O ajuste dos dados de emissão de flores aos de soma térmica do período da floração, por meio de modelo logístico, permite simular a dinâmica floral de híbridos de canola e mostarda castanha.Termos para indexação: Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, deiscência natural, soma térmica, umidade relativa. Floral dynamics and flower abortion in hybrids of canola and Indian mustardAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the floral dynamics and to determine the index of flower abortion in canola (Brassica napus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) hybrids, as well as to determine their relation with meteorological conditions of southern Brazil. During flowering, ten hybrids of canola and two of Indian mustard were evaluated every three days as to the number of open flowers, pods, and aborted flowers. The cumulative and the relative number of flowers were used to evaluate floral dynamics. The relation of these numbers with the accumulated thermal sum during flowering was determined with a logistic model. Groups of genotypes with different flowering rates were identified using the model coefficients. Flower abortion among hybrids ranged from 10.53 to 45.96% and was correlated with temperature and hydric demand of the atmosphere. Genotypes with larger thermal times between the peak and the end of flowering generally had higher percentages of flower abortion. The adjustment of data from flower emission to those of the thermal sum of the flowering period, using a logistic model, allows simulating floral dynamics of hybrids of canola and Indian mustard.Index terms: Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, natural dehiscence, thermal sum, relative humidity. IntroduçãoA cultura da canola (Brassica napus L.) foi introduzida no Rio Grande do Sul em meados da década de 1970 e vem ganhando destaque como alternativa produtiva rentável para a estação fria, nos estados do Sul do Brasil e, também, em outras regiões do país. A adaptação climática da espécie está entre as princi...
Effect of season and irrigation on the chemical composition of Aloysia triphylla essential oil Aloysia triphylla is an aromatic plant used in several industrial sectors, owing to the chemical properties of its essential oil. Biosynthesis of organic compounds is influenced by the growth conditions. As such, temporal and spatial variation affect the chemical composition of essential oils. We hypothesized that: i) the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil is influenced by differences in irrigation and season; and ii) the major components of A. triphylla essential oil do not vary between treatment conditions. To test these hypotheses, we determined the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil as a function of four seasons crossed with four irrigation levels. A completely randomized experimental design with a randomized block in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, representing the four seasons of the year (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) and four irrigation levels (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the reference evapotranspiration), was used with four replicates. Our results show that the chemical composition of A. triphylla essential oil varied with the two study factors, of which season was the major factor. The highest concentrations of constituents classified as monoterpene and sesquiterpene were observed in the summer season, and the highest constituents of the other group of compounds were observed in winter. In addition, the major components of the essential oil were α-citral, limonene, and β-citral, and their levels were the highest during winter.
Resumo A cultura do crambe surge como alternativa de produção, destacando sua precocidade e o potencial para a produção de óleo, em estação fria. A escassez de informações sobre parâmetros climáticos e fenológicos conduziu à determinação da temperatura basal inferior, da duração do ciclo e da constante térmica da cultura do crambe em Frederico Westphalen (RS). O trabalho foi composto por sete épocas de semeadura em 2009 e quatro em 2010. A temperatura basal inferior foi determinada pelos métodos do menor desvio-padrão e do desenvolvimento relativo. A temperatura basal para o subperíodo emergência-maturação (EME-MAT) foi de 9,5 ºC, enquanto para os subperíodos emergência-início da floração (EME-IFLO), emergência-fim da floração (EME-FFLO) e início da floração-fim da floração (IFLO-FFLO) foram, respectivamente, de 10,2 ºC, 10,8 ºC e 10,0 ºC, obtidas pelo método do menor desvio-padrão. O subperíodo compreendido entre EME-MAT variou de 74 a 136 dias, com duração média de 96 dias. Para os subperíodos EME-IFLO, EME-FFLO e IFLO-FFLO a duração média foi, respectivamente, de 52, 82 e 29 dias. Considerando-se os valores de temperatura basal para cada subperíodo, a duração média entre EME-MAT foi de 691 ºC dia, variando entre 576 ºC dia e 792ºC dia. Para os subperíodos EME-IFLO, EME-FFLO e IFLO-FFLO, a duração média do foi de 279 ºC dia; 444 ºC dia e 220 ºC dia, respectivamente. Palavras-chave:Crambe abyssinica Hochst., temperatura, fenologia. Basal temperature, crop growth cycle duration and growing degree-days of crambe AbstractCrambe is an alternative crop, precocious and with potential to produce oil during the cold season. The scarcity of information about climatic and phenological parameters led to the determination of basal temperature, crop growth cycle duration and growing degree-days of Crambe. The research was composed of seven sowing dates in 2009 and four in 2010. Basal temperature was determined by the methods of least variability and relative development. The basal temperature for the subperiod emergence-maturation (EME-MAT) was 9.5 °C, whereas for the subperiods seedling emergency-early flowering stage (EME-IFLO), seedling emergency-end of flowering (EME-FFLO) and early flowering-end of flowering (IFLO-FFLO) were 10.2 ºC, 10.8 °C and 10.0 ºC, respectively. The subperiod between EME-MAT ranged from 74 to 136 days with an average duration of 96 days. For EME-FLO, EME-FFLO and IFLO-FFLO the average duration was 52, 82 and 29 days, respectively. Considering the values of basal temperature for each period or subperiod, the average time between EME-MAT was 691 ºC day, ranging between 576 ºC day and 792 ºC day. For EME-IFLO, EME-FFLO and IFLO-FFLO, the average was 279 ºC day, varying between 444 °C day and 220 ºC day.
Secondary crop cultivation is very important for producers of corn and beans crops worldwide, and can reach high levels of productivity. The study aimed to evaluate water use efficiency and grain yield response of corn and bean species cultivated in a secondary crop system, when subjected to different water levels. Two experiments were carried out, one for the corn cultivar DKB 240 and another for the bean cultivar IPR Gralha; the study was developed in an experimental area classified as Oxisol typical, both experimental designs consisted of a randomized single factor block design with five water levels (0, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of reference evapotranspiration; Eto) with three replications. The following variables were analyzed: number of rows per ear, number of grain per row, thousand grain mass and grain yield for corn; number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, thousand grains mass and grain yield for beans. Water use efficiency was calculated as the relationship between grain yield and the applied water level. The corn and bean crops had the highest water use efficiency in the levels of 100% and 125% of reference evapotranspiration, respectively. These levels showed the highest yield of crops. Both corn and beans can be recommended for planting in the second crop system as they present a high yield potential under favorable water conditions; in order to meet water demands, they require a total of 413.53 mm for corn and 447.12 mm for the bean cultivar distributed throughout the crop cycle.
RESUMO:A variação nos elementos meteorológicos ao longo do ano, configurando as quatro estações, proporciona diferentes condições de crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas, alterando o metabolismo e a constituição dos tecidos vegetais. Assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a influência da sazonalidade em parâmetros fenométricos e na produção de óleo essencial em Aloysia triphylla (L'Hérit) Britton, submetida a diferentes níveis de reposição hídrica cultivada em ambiente protegido. As avaliações foram realizadas no dia que marcou a metade de cada estação do ano (verão, outono, inverno e primavera), sendo coletado todo o material vegetativo 20 cm acima do solo. A reposição hídrica foi baseada na evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) para o ambiente externo em função dos dados de entrada da equação de Penman-Monteith a qual apresenta parametrizações para dados obtidos em estações meteorológicas em padrões oficiais, sendo assim aplicados 125, 100, 75 e 50% da ETo em turno de rega de dois dias. A produção de massa fresca, seca e de parte aérea, bem como a área foliar, apresentaram maiores valores na estação primavera, sendo o inverno e o verão responsáveis pelos menores valores. O maior teor de óleo essencial foi observado nas estações de menor produção de biomassa, ou seja, verão e inverno. A reposição hídrica que proporcionou maior produção de material vegetativo foi a de 125% da ETo; no entanto, o maior teor de óleo foi observado nas menores reposições hídricas (75 e 50 % da ETo, respectivamente). A produção de óleo foi maior na primavera, a qual não sofreu influência da reposição hídrica ao longo do ano. Palavras-chave:Planta medicinal, sazonalidade, déficit hídrico, óleo essencial.ABSTRACT: Biomass and essential oil content in Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit) Britton subjected to different levels of water reposition and season alchanges of environmental conditions. The variation in weather elements throughout the year, setting the four seasons, provides different conditions for growth and development of plants, altering the metabolism and the structure of plants` tissues. This study aimed to determine the influence of seasonality on fenometrics parameters and on the oil production in Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit) Britton, subjected to different levels of water availability cultivated in greenhouse conditions. The evaluations were made on the day that marked the middle of each season (summer, autumn, winter and spring), and all plant material were collected 20 cm above ground. The water reposition was based on the evapotranspiration reference (ETo) to the external environment being applied 125, 100, 75 and 50% of ETo in an irrigation interval of two days. The production of fresh, dry and aerial part mass, as well as leaf areamass, showed higher values in the spring season, while winter and summer were responsible for lower values. The highest content of essential oil was observed at seasons with lower biomass production. The water availability that provided higher production of plant material was t...
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