OBJECTIVE:The expense of acquiring antiretroviral drugs in Brazil has given rise to debate about the sustainability of the policy of universal access to AIDS medications, despite the evident benefits. The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the Ministry of Health's spending on acquiring antiretroviral drugs from 1998 to 2005, the determining factors and the medium-term sustainability of this policy (2006)(2007)(2008). METHODS:The study on the evolution of spending on antiretrovirals included analysis of their prices, the year-by-year expenditure, the number of patients utilizing the medication, the mean expenditure per patient and the strategies for reducing the prices maintained during this period. To analyze the sustainability of the policy for access to antiretrovirals, the cost of acquiring the drugs over the period from 2006 to 2008 was estimated, along with the proportion of gross domestic product and federal health expenditure represented by this spending. The data were collected from the Ministry of Health, the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Ministry of Planning. RESULTS:The expenditure on antiretrovirals increased by 66% in 2005, breaking the declining trend observed over the period from 2000 to 2004. The main factors associated with this increase were the weakening of the national generics industry and the unsatisfactory results from the process of negotiating with pharmaceutical companies. CONCLUSIONS:The Brazilian policy for universal access is unsustainable at the present growth rates of the gross domestic product, unless the country compromises its investments in other fields.
Sumário: 1. Introdução; 2. O Modelo básico; 3. Resolução: modelo 1 -com punição; 4. Resolução: modelo 2 -sem punição; 5. Extensão: um papel para a natureza; 6. Outras extensões; 7. Conclusão.Palavras-chave: saúde; municípios; consórcios.Código JEL: C72; H72; I18.O presente estudo analisa a formação e a sustentabilidade político-financeira dos Consórcios Intermunicipais de Saúde por meio de um jogo dinâmico de dois períodos com informação imperfeita, no qual dois prefeitos de municípios decidem quantoà adesão è a permanência no consórcio. São analisados dois modelos. No primeiro admite-se a suspensão do atendimento nas instalações do consórcioà sua população do município que abandonar a parceria. Já no segundo, considerando o princípio constitucional que estabelece o acesso universalàs ações e serviços de saúde, relaxa-se essa hipótese. O estudo evidencia uma forte tendênciaà instabilidade da associação no segundo modelo.The present article studies a new organizational structure in which neighboring health districts in Brazil form a partnership to jointly supply costly specialized health care services. Each district partially funds the organization. Depending on the partnership contract, a free rider problem arises. A district has the incentive to withdraw from the partnership if it can still benefit from its services, especially when political pressures for competing expenditures arise. The main conclusion is that the partnership sustainability is * Artigo recebido em nov. 2000 e aprovado em abr. 2002. Os autores agradecem a Mirta Bugarin e Mônica Viegas e aos dois pareceristas anônimos, cujos comentários e sugestões muito contribuíram para o aprimoramento deste artigo. Os autores assumem inteira responsabilidade pelos erros remanescentes.
This article studies strategic behavior in municipal health care consortia where neighboring municipalities form a partnership to supply high-complexity health care. Each municipality partially funds the organization. Depending on the partnership contract, a free rider problem may jeopardize the organization. A municipality will default its payments if it can still benefit from the services, especially when political pressures for competing expenditure arise. The main result is that the partnership sustainability depends on punishment mechanisms to a defaulting member, the gains from joint provision of services and the overall economic environment. Possible solutions to the incentive problem are discussed.
This study evaluates the targets of the United Nations Declaration on HIV/AIDS Resource Targets, the attainment of which are premised on promoting three fronts: reduction of material and services costs, increased efficiency in access to and management of funds, and the channeling of new funds. Data were derived from studies of National Accounts of HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean and from the recent available literature on the global dynamics of HIV/AIDS resources. The economic concept of global public good occurs throughout the text. The article discusses factors that constrain funding, and thus compel the adoption of new strategies in Brazil. The issues addressed include: difficulties in maintaining the downward tendency in the cost of items related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the incorporation each year of thousands of persons needing antiviral therapy, the rise in patient survival and increased diagnosis for the control of HIV/AIDS transmission. It is concluded that, in order to guarantee additional resources to combat the epidemic, the discussion on funding must necessarily focus on both the share of AIDS support for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and, more importantly, on an increase in health funding as a whole. The recognition that HIV/AIDS control contributes to the global public good should facilitate increases in development assistance from international funding sources.
RESUMO Este artigo focaliza o modo como crianças, adquirindo o Português do Brasil, delimitam adjetivos em contraste com nomes. Relata-se um experimento de identificação de objetos inventados a partir de pseudopalavras, com vistas a verificar o peso relativo de informação morfológica de afixos derivacionais formadores de adjetivo e da posição estrutural deste (à direita ou à esquerda do nome) na distinção entre essas duas categorias lexicais. Os resultados são interpretados à luz de uma teoria da aquisição da linguagem que incorpora um modelo de língua nos termos do Programa Minimalista. ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the acquisition of nouns and adjectives by children acquiring BrazilianPortuguese. An experiment is reported, in which a word mapping task with invented objects and pseudo words was used. The working hypothesis is that children are sensitive to the position of nouns and adjectives and to the morphological information deriving from adjective forming derivational affixes. The results are interpreted in the light of a theory of language acquisition in which a minimalist conception of language is assumed. PALAVRAS-CHAVE
O Café Filosociológico faz parte de um dos projetos dentro das atividades complementares (aquém do desenvolvimento dos conteúdos disciplinares em sala de aula) desenvolvidas pelas disciplinas de Filosofia e Sociologia para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos no Colégio CEEBJA Paulo Freire, Curitiba-Paraná. A intenção primeira é propiciar a reflexão, o debate e a explanação de argumentos sobre determinados conteúdos escolares que estão presentes (em forma de temas) no cotidiano de cada um e em voga no momento em que se realiza. Aberto para toda comunidade escolar visa expandir o interesse das pessoas (alunos ou não das disciplinas) para a aprendizagem de ouvir e apresentar o que se pensa além do senso comum, mas com respaldo científico e filosófico.Café Filosociológico; Atividades Complementares; ensino-aprendizagem.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.