Brazil's Southeast region has been facing water supply challenges, especially concerning the metropolitan region of São Paulo, since 2014. We adressed the water crisis from the disaster's point of view, considering that one of the guiding features to characterize a disaster is the amount of affected people and the losses associated. In the situation under review, there are people directly affected, because of intermittent house water supply, and indirectly affected by the increase of prices for goods, since their production and manufacturing depend on the availability of water. We presented each of the stages of a disaster risk management: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The risk of water scarcity in São Paulo is only one aspect of the discussion involving the effectiveness of management processes and the need for investments in the area, especially in reducing wasteful distribution.
Quando se fala em desastres relacionados à água no Brasil, faz-se uma associação direta com as inundações, que são responsáveis por muitos registros de mortes e pessoas afetadas no país. Entretanto, há outras extensões da interface entre água e desastres que merecem atenção. O extremo oposto das inundações, por exemplo, se traduz em seca efetiva e seca agrícola (seca verde), ambas com sérias consequências para a população atingida. A erosão hídrica e as implicações do manejo da água em questões de fragilidade ambiental, por sua vez, relacionam-se a desastres de caráter ambiental. Outro aspecto importante são os desdobramentos do desastre hidrológico em si, pois há efeitos que surgem e se mantêm no período pós-desastre, como epidemias e ingestão de água imprópria para o consumo humano. Neste artigo foram apontados os principais desafios para diminuir os riscos relacionados a desastres e recursos hídricos e sugerimos ações para um gerenciamento integrado de recursos hídricos, saúde pública e desastres.
RESUMO: Há vários desafios para a atuação dos órgãos de Proteção e Defesa
CAPABILITIES OF CIVIL DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS IN BRAZILIAN MUNICIPALITIES: CHALLENGES AND VIEWS
Satellite images are an effective tool for the detection of phytoplankton blooms, since they cause striking changes in water color. Bloom intensity can be expressed in terms of chlorophyll-a concentration. Previous studies suggest the use of Landsat TM4/TM3 reflectance ratio to retrieve surface chlorophyll-a concentration from aquatic systems. In this study we assumed that a remote sensing trophic state index can be applied to investigate how changes in HRT along the hydrologic year affect the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton blooms at Ibitinga's reservoir surface. For that, we formulated two objectives: (1) apply a semi-empirical model which uses this reflectance ratio to map chlorophyll-a concentration at Ibitinga reservoir along the 2005 hydrologic year and (2) assess how changes in hydraulic residence time (HRT) affect the spatial distribution of phytoplankton blooms at Ibitinga Reservoir. The study site was chosen because previous studies reported seasonal changes in the reservoir limnology which might be related to the reservoir seasonality and hydrodynamics. Six Landsat/TM images were acquired over Ibitinga reservoir during 2005 and water flow measurements provided by the Brazilian Electric System National Operator -ONS were used to compute the reservoir´s residence time, which varied from 5.37 to 52.39 days during 2005. The HRT in the date of image acquisition was then compared to the distribution of chlorophyll-a in the reservoir. The results showed that the HRT increasing implies the increasing of the reservoir surface occupied by phytoplankton blooms.Keywords: Landsat TM4/TM3 band ratios, chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton bloom, hydraulic residence time.Efeito de variações no tempo de residência hidráulica sobre a ocorrência de florações de fitoplâncton: estudo de caso no Reservatório de Ibitinga (SP) com o uso de imagens Landsat/TM
ResumoAs imagens de satélite são frequentemente usadas para a identificação de florações de fitoplâncton porque sua presença causa mudanças significativas na cor da água. A abundância das florações pode ser quantificada por medidas de concentração de clorofila-a. Diversos estudos sugerem o uso da razão de reflectância das bandas TM4/TM3 Landsat, para determinar as concentrações de clorofila-a em sistemas aquáticos. Este trabalho tem como objetivos: (1) Palavras-chave: razões entre bandas TM4/TM3, clorofila-a, florações de fitoplancton, residência hidráulica.
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