Brazil's Southeast region has been facing water supply challenges, especially concerning the metropolitan region of São Paulo, since 2014. We adressed the water crisis from the disaster's point of view, considering that one of the guiding features to characterize a disaster is the amount of affected people and the losses associated. In the situation under review, there are people directly affected, because of intermittent house water supply, and indirectly affected by the increase of prices for goods, since their production and manufacturing depend on the availability of water. We presented each of the stages of a disaster risk management: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. The risk of water scarcity in São Paulo is only one aspect of the discussion involving the effectiveness of management processes and the need for investments in the area, especially in reducing wasteful distribution.
Quando se fala em desastres relacionados à água no Brasil, faz-se uma associação direta com as inundações, que são responsáveis por muitos registros de mortes e pessoas afetadas no país. Entretanto, há outras extensões da interface entre água e desastres que merecem atenção. O extremo oposto das inundações, por exemplo, se traduz em seca efetiva e seca agrícola (seca verde), ambas com sérias consequências para a população atingida. A erosão hídrica e as implicações do manejo da água em questões de fragilidade ambiental, por sua vez, relacionam-se a desastres de caráter ambiental. Outro aspecto importante são os desdobramentos do desastre hidrológico em si, pois há efeitos que surgem e se mantêm no período pós-desastre, como epidemias e ingestão de água imprópria para o consumo humano. Neste artigo foram apontados os principais desafios para diminuir os riscos relacionados a desastres e recursos hídricos e sugerimos ações para um gerenciamento integrado de recursos hídricos, saúde pública e desastres.
RESUMO: Há vários desafios para a atuação dos órgãos de Proteção e Defesa CAPABILITIES OF CIVIL DEFENSE INSTITUTIONS IN BRAZILIAN MUNICIPALITIES: CHALLENGES AND VIEWS
A large part of the world’s population lives in cities, with growing estimates for the coming years. Many agglomerations are in areas of greater vulnerability, such as the coast. Demographic growth demands a larger area, with expansion of public services and more local infrastructure. Economic growth, usually confused with development, can increase the risks of epidemics and disasters, when people start to live in risk areas and there is inequality in the provision of basic services. This work, within the scope of the joint evolution of the health sector and sustainable development as strategies to reduce vulnerability, makes a methodological cut for the coast of the state of São Paulo - Brazil, with analyzes of the connections with socio-environmental disasters data. The municipalities in this study present a good structure for monitoring the risk of disasters, but it is not enough to promote a sustainable development.
The increasing figures of natural disasters and related human and material losses represent a major challenge to be faced by the Brazilian government, the scientific community and civil society all together. Landslides and floods resulting from climatic extremes have been associated not only to global climatic changes, but mostly due to the increase of population vulnerability and the lack of effective mitigation actions. Core governmental responses to mitigate such losses include the creation of operational centers for disaster monitoring and management -Cemaden (National Early Warning and Monitoring Centre of Natural Disasters) and CENAD (Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres). The establishment of these institutions associated with investments to map risky areas are key to implement landslides and floods monitoring systems. Despite significant investments, the implementation of such natural disaster monitoring systems depend much on cooperative actions among organizations and entities from different sectors of the society. The main objective of this work is to present the challenges and perspectives of innovative digital ecosystems designed to effectively monitor, warn and respond to natural disasters related to landslides and floods in Brazil. The several methodologies adopted make use of technical, scientific and empirical knowledge to establish a rain gauge network of 1400 automatic pluviometers and 1100 semiautomatic pluviometers, distributed in more than 800 municipalities defined as priority ones by the Brazilian National Plan of Risk Management and Response to Natural Disasters. Pilot projects of landslides monitoring systems are also included in the methodology in key municipalities where the number of human losses has been significant in recent disasters. In order to develop such challenging methodologies, Cemaden has worked together with the Center for Information Technology Renato Archer (CTI), CENAD, a number of research institutions, the private sector, local and regional governments and non-governmental organizations as well as the civil society. The combination of different types of knowledge, technological approaches and levels of interaction to population under risk of such a variety of organizations shall configure a collective intelligence able to improve the efficiency and confidence of early warnings of landslides and floods, as well as to promote further commitment of local governments and communities to respond to warnings. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.4 [Information storage and retrieval]:Systems and software -current awareness systems (selective dissemination of information--SDI), information networks, performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness), question-answering (fact retrieval), user profiles and alerts systems.
<p>Este trabalho traz como motivação a compreensão do imaginário infantil e adolescente entre um público que, em sua maioria, não vivenciou um desastre, apesar de morar em áreas de risco. A investigação revela o perfil de um grupo importante, caracterizando-se como um significativo ponto de partida para trabalhos de educação e prevenção de desastres, uma vez que oferece como base a análise de crenças e expectativas relacionadas aos desastres. Para caracterizar este perfil, foram aplicados questionários semi-estruturados a alunos de ensino fundamental e médio de escolas públicas localizadas próximas a áreas de risco em Campos do Jordão (SP). Apesar da presença de várias áreas de risco no município, a maioria dos entrevistados não reconhece este risco como parte de sua realidade. É importante que o órgão de Defesa Civil (DC), juntamente com as comunidades envolvidas, elabore um planejamento especial de ações de evacuação para este grupo vulnerável na iminência de um desastre e também medidas diferenciadas de atendimento pós-impacto. Os entrevistados mostraram-se receptivos a possíveis ações da DC e a discussões gerais sobre o tema desastres. Recomendamos uma parceria entre as escolas e a DC local para atividades de educação e planejamento.</p>
Artigo recebido em 04/01/2013 e aceito para publicação em 21/03/2013 RESUMO:Os Planos de governo são documentos elaborados por candidatos a prefeito de municípios brasileiros, contendo objetivos e metas a serem cumpridos durante sua gestão. Este artigo buscou analisar as propostas de candidatos dos municípios monitorados pelo Cemaden, dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Foram considerados os seguintes temas que guardam relação direta com a vulnerabilidade da população e com as causas e consequências de um desastre: áreas de risco, Defesa Civil, Plano Diretor e Saneamento Básico. Constatou-se pouca atenção dos candidatos aos respectivos temas, tanto nos documentos quanto no retorno aos questionários propostos neste trabalho. Considerando-se que há municípios com histórico de desastres naturais e com população ainda vulnerável a novos eventos, a postura adotada pelos candidatos não é condizente com os problemas que poderão enfrentar. Apenas nos municípios com histórico recente de desastres, como na região serrana do Rio de Janeiro, houve maior consideração do tema. Palavras-chave: Planos de Governo; Desastres Naturais; Defesa Civil, Plano Diretor. ABSTRACT:Government plans are documents created by candidates to the mayor position in Brazilian municipalities, including goals to be achieved during their term. This work performs an analysis of candidates' plans for municipalities which are monitored by Cemaden -Brazilian Centre for Monitoring and Warnings of natural Disasters -for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. Themes directly related to the community vulnerability and disasters were considered, such as risk areas, Civil Defense, Management Plan and basic sanitation. There was little attention from candidates to those themes, concerning official documents and answers to this work's survey. As many municipalities have historical disaster records and vulnerable population, the candidates behavior does not match the problems they will have to deal with. There was more attention to those themes in municipalities with recent occurrence of disasters, such as Petrópolis, Teresópolis and Nova Friburgo.
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