INTRODUÇÃO: A asma é uma patologia de grande impacto na realidade brasileira, sendo responsável, em média, por 350.000 internações anualmente. Após a puberdade, ela se torna mais frequente no sexo feminino, sendo sua incidência, na mulher, maior nos anos reprodutivos. Na meia-idade, as mulheres têm cerca de duas vezes mais chances de apresentar a doença quando comparadas aos homens. Essa mudança no padrão epidemiológico coincide com variações hormonais, sugerindo uma possível influência dos hormônios sexuais na fisiopatologia e apresentação da asma, o que justificaria suas diferentes manifestações de acordo com as fases da vida da mulher.METODOLOGIA: Realização de revisão bibliográfica, por meio da busca nas bibliotecas virtuais PubMed, BVS e Scielo, no período de 2011 a 2021. Depois de aplicados critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados 40 artigos. OBJETIVO: Esta revisão objetiva definir o papel dos hormônios sexuais na patogênese da asma e analisar sua incidência e comportamento nas diferentes fases da vida da mulher.RESULTADOS: Segundo a literatura, há uma maior incidência de asma em mulheres com menarca precoce, provavelmente devido aos efeitos pró-inflamatórios do estrogênio e da progesterona, hormônios que têm níveis séricos aumentados na puberdade feminina. É relatado também que ocorrem variações rítmicas dos sintomas da asma de acordo com o ciclo menstrual. Nesse contexto, o uso de anticoncepcionais promove diminuição das quantidades endógenas de estrógeno e progesterona, sendo associado tanto ao declínio da sintomatologia quanto à piora da condição. Além disso, na menopausa há maior obstrução irreversível das vias aéreas, sendo a menopausa cirúrgica associada a um risco aumentado de aparecimento de asma. Ademais, o 17βestradiol aumenta em pacientes asmáticos na pós-menopausa. CONCLUSÃO: A saúde respiratória feminina sofre com a alternância hormonal e pode deteriorar de acordo com a fase da vida em que a mulher se encontra. Esse cenário justifica a necessidade de maior entendimento sobre a influência dos hormônios femininos na asma.
The objective of this work is to accomplish a study of the Paraná's industrialization under a new interpretative optics, which doesn't see the State as an eterna] outlying and dependent on São Paulo economy, but as an area that was industrialized excessively after 1970 and ever since, it is presenting growth taxes of the GDP superiors to the one ofthe own Brazilian average.Paraná for it being a basically agricultura! State, above ali until the decade of 1970, it was analyzed under the optics of the calls " Theories of the Dependence ".Such theories attest that the agricultura! countries live in the periphery of the industrialized countries, for the fact of they be subdued by the international division o f the work, they produce it raw materiais and to sell them to such countries while o f them they acquire manufactured products that they are usually more expensive than the primary products for containing larger joined value, relationship this that cooperates so that to trade balance of the agricultura! countries it is always deficient and that they never get to compete with the industrialized countries, also known as " central".That same theoretical foundation, leaving that more general extent of the analysis that treats of the relationship among countries, it also passed to be used to analyze the relationship among different States of a same nation. In that optics, many specialists of regional economy, started to see other Brazilian States as being outlying of São Paulo, considered as the " industrial center "of Brazil. Such condition was possible due to the existence of a division of the work in national levei, that it subdued it ali o f Brazilian States to the position o f producing o f primary goods and buyers ofthe industrialized goods produced by São Paulo. The Paraná's industrial development, for a long time, it was analyzed with base in that theoretical foundation. According to most of the specialists of the state economy, the industrialization of Paraná would be practically impossible because of own position state assumed in the division of the work in national levei: the one of producing of agricultura! goods and buyer o f industrialized goods of São Paulo. According to them been should not try to industrialize him, therefore it would never get to compete with São Paulo. On the contrary, it should struggle to produce primary goods of superior quality the those produced by the other State outlying, acquiring the position o f agricultura! producing best o f the nation. However, it was exactly thanks to the agriculture of the State that always reached high productivity index and profitability ( above ali thanks to the coffee culture in the State, during the decades of 1950 and 1960), that Paraná could gain enough income goes the assembly of the basic infrastructure in terms of construction of highways, marinate ports and !ines strong in the decade of 1960, and to propitiate the assembly o f an own industrial park in the decade o f 1970.Ever since the industry state have growing excessively, first through t...
The first attempts at the Latin American integration process showed a highly pragmatic character, without many concerns for medium and long-term projects. The main concern was to expand intra and extra-regional trade. However, since the 1980s (the decade considered the lost decade for Latin America), when the external debt crises and the adjustment policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) led the region to a higher poverty rate due to the social costs of such policies, Latin America has been rethinking its integration. The creation of LAIA (Latin American Integration Association), in 1980, replacing LAFTA (Latin American Free Trade Association), in 1960, and its sub-regional integration have changed Latin America’s economic growth trajectory from the 1990s. Within the scope of LAIA, Mercosur was created in 1991, with the objective of promoting intra and extra-regional trade expansion through the elimination of tariff barriers among its members, implementing a Common External Tariff. The full members of Mercosur are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The bloc also has associated members: Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Suriname and observer members, namely Mexico and New Zealand. This work was developed to verify whether Mercosur, with the elimination of tariff barriers between full members and the Common External Tariff, has been able to meet its main objective, which is to expand intraregional trade among its members. Therefore, the main objective was to verify whether there was trade expansion between the bloc's full partners between the years 2016 and 2020. The methodologies used for this purpose were descriptive statistics and literature review. Aiming to evaluate the annualized rate of change of trade in the period covered, it was decided to use the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), which is a differential of this research. The results showed that within the bloc, Brazil had Argentina as its main trading partner. It was observed that there was an expansion of intraregional trade between 2016 and 2018, followed by a considerable reduction of this trade during the period 2019-2020, but that Brazil still continued to be the member that obtained the largest intra-regional trade balances. Paraguay, in turn, did not show the same trend of commercial reduction for all other partners in 2019 and 2020. In addition, in 2020, even with the COVID 19 pandemic, Paraguay managed to increase its exports to Brazil and Argentina, showing a contrary trend only to their exports to Uruguay. Uruguay, in turn, expanded its imports from partners throughout the period, except for Paraguay in 2020, where its exports exceeded imports. With regard to Argentina, its exports to members began to fall in 2019 and increased in 2020, especially in relation to Brazil. The country also drastically reduced its imports from Brazil and Paraguay in 2019 and 2020, although it also considerably expanded imports from Paraguay
Nelson Vergara Muñoz es graduado en Filosofía, Magistrado en Teoría del Conocimiento, docente e investigador del Centro de Estudios Regionales de la Universidad de Los Lagos – Chile. Actúa en las líneas de investigación en epistemología y hermenéutica aplicadas al estudio de patrimonios, territorios y sustentabilidad. Realiza pesquisas sobre cotidianidades e imaginarios sociales estableciendo inter relaciones y conexiones esenciales de la vida sociocultural.
O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar a evolução das relações comerciais do Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina com os países membros do Mercosul: Argentina, Paraguai, Uruguai e Venezuela, no período de 2010 a 2015. Busca-se assim compreender como se comportou a balança comercial de cada estado do Sul do Brasil em relação ao bloco. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados para alcance do objetivo do trabalho foram a revisão bibliográfica e a estatística descritiva. Os resultados alcançados indicam que o comércio com o Mercosul foi mais vantajoso para o estado do Paraná, e o Rio Grande do Sul foi o Estado da região Sul do Brasil que apresentou as piores relações comerciais com o Mercosul.
ABSTRACT. Current article assesses emerging trends in global trade in the case of Brazil-India-China (BIC) Alliance. Although the globalized world is still recovering from the global 2008 crisis, it may be perceived that Brazil, India and China showed considerable growth during the crisis, continuing with the trend even after the crisis period. So that the growth observed in these three countries could be demonstrated, current paper is divided into three sections. The first section will deal with the emerging trends in global trade. Section two will examine emerging trends in Brazil, India, and China's foreign trade. The third section will examine the characteristics of the concept of 'new regionalism' and the role of WTO in accelerating the rate of growth in world trade for the coming years. Revised bibliography and descriptive statistics will be the methodology employed.Keywords: world trade, Brazil, China, India, new regionalism. Tendências emergentes no comércio global: o caso do BicRESUMO. O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar as novas tendências do comércio global para o caso dos BICaliança entre Brasil, Índia e China. Embora o mundo globalizado esteja se recuperando da crise internacional, que ocorre desde 2008, observa-se que os três países apresentaram considerável e contínuo crescimento. Para demonstrar esse fato, o texto foi dividido em três seções: a primeira tratará das tendências emergentes no comércio global; na segunda, serão analisadas as tendências emergentes, especificamente, no Brasil, Índia e comércio exterior da China; a terceira seção, por sua vez, examinará os contornos do surgimento do conceito de 'novo regionalismo' e o papel da OMC -Organização Mundial do Comércio -na aceleração do ritmo de crescimento do comércio mundial nos próximos anos. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada será a revisão bibliográfica e a estatística descritiva.Palavras-chave: comércio mundial,
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