Besides new observations, mining old photographic plates and CCD image archives represents an opportunity to recover and secure newly discovered asteroids, also to improve the orbits of Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs), Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) and Virtual Impactors (VIs). These are the main research aims of the EURONEAR network. As stated by the IAU, the vast collection of image archives stored worldwide is still insufficiently explored, and could be mined for known NEAs and other asteroids appearing occasionally in their fields. This data mining could be eased using a server to search and classify findings based on the asteroid class and the discovery date as "precoveries" or "recoveries". We built PRECOVERY, a public facility which uses the Virtual Observatory SkyBoT webservice of IMCCE to search for all known Solar System objects in a given observation. To datamine an entire archive, PRECOVERY requires the observing log in a standard format and outputs a database listing the sorted encounters of NEAs, PHAs, numbered and un-numbered asteroids classified as precoveries or recoveries based on the daily updated IAU MPC database. As a first application, we considered an archive including about 13,000 photographic plates exposed between 1930 and 2005 at the Astronomical Observatory in Bucharest, Romania. First, we updated the database, homogenizing dates and pointings to a common format using the JD dating system and J2000 epoch. All the asteroids observed in planned mode were recovered, proving the accuracy of PRECOVERY. Despite the large field of the plates imaging mostly 2.27• × 2.27• fields, no NEA or PHA could be encountered occasionally in the archive due to the small aperture of the 0.38m refractor insufficiently to detect objects fainter than V ∼ 15. PRECOVERY can be applied to other archives, being intended as a public facility offered to the community by the EURONEAR project. This is the first of a series of papers aimed to improve orbits of PHAs and NEAs using precovered data derived from archives of images to be data mined in collaboration with students and amateurs. In the next paper we will search the CFHT Legacy Survey, while data mining of other archives is planned for the near future.
As part of the EURONEAR project, almost 70,000 mosaic Suprime-Cam images taken between 1999 and 2013 were data-mined for about 9,800 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) known by 2013 May. Using our PRECOVERY server and the new Find Subaru CCD tool, we scrutinized 4,186 candidate CCD images possibly holding 518 NEAs. We found 113 NEAs as faint as V < 25 magnitude, their positions being measured in 589 images using Astrometrica, and then reported to the Minor Planet Center. Among them, 18 objects represent encounters of previously single opposition NEAs, their orbital arcs being extended by up to 10 years. In the second part of this work, we searched for unknown NEAs in 78 sequences (780 CCD fields) of 4-5 mosaic images selected from the same Suprime-Cam archive and totaling 16.6 deg 2 , with the aim to assess the faint NEA distribution observable with an 8-m class survey. A total of 2,018 moving objects were measured, from which we identified 18 better NEA candidates. Using the Rc filter in good weather conditions, mostly dark time and sky directions slightly biased towards the ecliptic, at least one NEA could be discovered in every 1 deg 2 surveyed. KEYWORDSminor planets, asteroids -solar system: general -astrometry -methods: data analysis -astronomical databases: miscellaneous † Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope and obtained from the SMOKA, which is operated by the Astronomy Data Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The total data transfer disk space used for this project was above 2.5 TB, being supported by Matei Conovici.
Context. One-opposition near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are growing in number, and they must be recovered to prevent loss and mismatch risk, and to improve their orbits, as they are likely to be too faint for detection in shallow surveys at future apparitions. Aims. We aimed to recover more than half of the one-opposition NEAs recommended for observations by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) using the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) in soft-override mode and some fractions of available D-nights. During about 130 h in total between 2013 and 2016, we targeted 368 NEAs, among which 56 potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs), observing 437 INT Wide Field Camera (WFC) fields and recovering 280 NEAs (76% of all targets). Methods. Engaging a core team of about ten students and amateurs, we used the THELI, Astrometrica, and the Find_Orb software to identify all moving objects using the blink and track-and-stack method for the faintest targets and plotting the positional uncertainty ellipse from NEODyS. Results. Most targets and recovered objects had apparent magnitudes centered around V ∼ 22.8 mag, with some becoming as faint as V ∼ 24 mag. One hundred and three objects (representing 28% of all targets) were recovered by EURONEAR alone by Aug. 2017. Orbital arcs were prolonged typically from a few weeks to a few years; our oldest recoveries reach 16 years. The O−C residuals for our 1854 NEA astrometric positions show that most measurements cluster closely around the origin. In addition to the recovered NEAs, 22 000 positions of about 3500 known minor planets and another 10 000 observations of about 1500 unknown objects (mostly main-belt objects) were promptly reported to the MPC by our team. Four new NEAs were discovered serendipitously in the analyzed fields and were promptly secured with the INT and other telescopes, while two more NEAs were lost due to extremely fast motion and lack of rapid follow-up time. They increase the counting to nine NEAs discovered by the EURONEAR in 2014 and 2015. Conclusions. Targeted projects to recover one-opposition NEAs are efficient in override access, especially using at least two-meter class and preferably larger field telescopes located in good sites, which appear even more efficient than the existing surveys.
The world astronomical image archives represent huge opportunities to time-domain astronomy sciences and other hot topics such as space defense, and astronomical observatories should improve this wealth and make it more accessible in the big data era. In 2010 we introduced the Mega-Archive database and the Mega-Precovery server for data mining images containing Solar system bodies, with focus on near Earth asteroids (NEAs). This paper presents the improvements and introduces some new related data mining tools developed during the last five years. Currently, the Mega-Archive has indexed 15 million images available from six major collections (CADC, ESO, ING, LCOGT, NVO and SMOKA) and other instrument archives and surveys. This meta-data index collection is daily updated (since 2014) by a crawler which performs automated query of five major collections. Since 2016, these data mining tools run to the new dedicated EURONEAR server, and the database migrated to SQL engine which supports robust and fast queries. To constrain the area to search moving or fixed objects in images taken by large mosaic cameras, we built the graphical tools FindCCD and FindCCD for Fixed Objects which overlay the targets across one of seven mosaic cameras (Subaru-SuprimeCam, VST-OmegaCam, INT-WFC, VISTA-VIRCAM, CFHT-MegaCam, Blanco-DECam and Subaru-HSC), also plotting the uncertainty ellipse for poorly observed NEAs. In 2017 we improved Mega-Precovery, which offers now two options for calculus of the ephemerides and three options for the input (objects defined by designation, orbit or observations). Additionally, we developed Mega-Archive for Fixed Objects (MASFO) and Mega-Archive Search for Double Stars (MASDS). We believe that the huge potential of science imaging archives is still insufficiently exploited. In this sense, defining and making available a standard format for indexing meta-data needed to access the image archives could strongly enhance their use. We recommend to IAU to define such a standard and ask the astronomical observatories to adopt it for indexing their image archives in a homogeneous manner, and make these indexes available up to date, free of any proprietorship period.
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