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For the pediatric cohort, use of a semiautomatic IO access device in place of a manual device offered no statistically significant difference in first-attempt success (3.3%) or in success per attempt (13.0%). However, the rate at which IO access was used by emergency medical services providers more than tripled with use of the semiautomatic device.

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Abbreviations: (AI) adrenal insufficiency, (CGM) continuous glucose monitoring, (CI) confidence interval, (CLD) chronic liver disease, (CSII) continuous subcutaneous insulin delivery, (DM) diabetes mellitus, (EMS) emergency medical services, (ER) emergency room, (ERT) emergency room transportation, (ESRD) end-stage renal disease, (HR) hazard ratio, (IQR) interquartile range, (MDI) multiple daily insulin injection, (non-DM) with no diabetes mellitus, (OAA) oral antihyperglycemic agents, (SD) standard deviation, (SFUI) sulphonylureas alone or in combination with insulin, (TIDM) type 1 diabetes mellitus, (T2DM) type 1 diabetes mellitus