The objective of this study was to adapt a nonlinear model (Wang and Engel - WE) for simulating the phenology of maize (Zea mays L.), and to evaluate this model and a linear one (thermal time), in order to predict developmental stages of a field-grown maize variety. A field experiment, during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 was conducted in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, in two growing seasons, with seven sowing dates each. Dates of emergence, silking, and physiological maturity of the maize variety BRS Missões were recorded in six replications in each sowing date. Data collected in 2005/2006 growing season were used to estimate the coefficients of the two models, and data collected in the 2006/2007 growing season were used as independent data set for model evaluations. The nonlinear WE model accurately predicted the date of silking and physiological maturity, and had a lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the linear (thermal time) model. The overall RMSE for silking and physiological maturity was 2.7 and 4.8 days with WE model, and 5.6 and 8.3 days with thermal time model, respectively.
Cassava [Manihot esculenta (L.) Crantz] plays an important role as staple food in the tropics. The GUMCAS model is a process-based dynamic simulation model for cassava that has been adapted to the Cropping System Model (CSM) framework of DSSAT (DSSAT-CSM). The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the original GUMCAS model, a modified version of the GUMCAS model, and the current cassava model in DSSAT under potential conditions in the subtropical environment of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The modified original GUMCAS model consisted of three modifications in the code: we included a third independent "clock" in the cassava development for the onset of starch accumulation, we replaced the rate of leaf appearance submodel with the Wang and Engel model, and we modified the leaf senescence submodel. Model calibration was with a field experiment for cultivar Fepagro-RS 13 during the 2011/2012 growing season in Santa Maria, Brazil. Independent data from 16 experiments conducted at four sites in Rio Grande do Sul State were used for testing the performance of the three versions of the cassava model. The original GUMCAS model had the poorest performance, and the modified GUMCAS model slightly improved the predictions of stem and storage root yield compared with the current DSSAT cassava model. The modified GUMCAS model greatly improved the predictions of developmental stages, leaf development, and leaf area growth dynamics compared with the current DSSAT cassava model. Results from this study contribute to our understanding on how a cassava system functions in the subtropics.
RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a temperatura base para aparecimento de folhas e o filocrono em uma
IIIDesenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo em gladíolo Vegetative 'Peter Pears', 'Sunset', 'T704', 'Traderhorn', 'Rose Supreme' and 'Jester', and another
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a associação da variabilidade interdecadal da chuva em Santa Maria, RS, com a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico. Parte da variabilidade interanual da precipitação pluvial é explicada pelo fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS), que acontece no Oceano Pacífico. Na segunda metade da década de 1990, foi relatada outra oscilação na temperatura do Oceano Pacífico, de duração maior que o ENOS, denominada Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP). Foram usados os dados mensais acumulados de precipitação do período 1912-2008, da Estação Climatológica principal de Santa Maria, e os valores mensais do índice ODP do mesmo período. A análise foi realizada em nível anual, semestral (primeiro e segundo semestre), sazonal (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e mensal. Existe associação entre a chuva e a ODP, de modo que décadas com chuvas acima da normal são associadas à fase quente da ODP, intercaladas com décadas com chuva abaixo da normal associadas à fase fria da ODP, o que indica oscilações periódicas de médio e longo prazo na precipitação pluvial em Santa Maria, RS.Termos para indexação: chuva, clima, El Niño, La Niña, temperatura da superfície do mar. Linking rainfall variability in Santa Maria with the Pacific Decadal OscillationAbstract -The objective of this work was to verify the association of the interdecadal variability of rainfall in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Part of the interannual variation in rainfall is explained by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific Ocean. In the second half of the 1990s, another oscillation in the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean was reported, with greater duration than ENSO, named the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Monthly precipitation data collected at the Meteorological Station of Santa Maria of the 1912-2008 period and monthly PDO indices of the same period were used. The analyses were performed on an annual, semestral (first and second semester), seasonal (Summer, Fall, Winter, and Spring), and monthly basis. There is a link between rainfall and PDO, because decades with precipitation higher than normal are associated with a warm phase of PDO, followed by decades with below-normal rainfall associated with a cool phase of PDO, which indicate mid and long-term periodic oscillations of rainfall in Santa Maria.
The Wang and Engel (WE) model simulates crop development considering the non-linear response of plant development to temperature. Daily air temperature is the input for the temperature response function [f(T)] in the WE 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. The f(T) in the WE model was calculated using daily mean air temperature calculated as the arithmetic average of daily minimum (TN) and maximum (TX) air temperatures (WE Tmean ), and calculating an f(T) using TN and an f(T) using TX and then averaging the two f(T)s (WE Tmm) RESUMO O modelo Wang e Engel (WE) simula o desenvolvimento das culturas considerando uma resposta não-linear do desenvolvimento das plantas à temperatura. A temperatura diária do ar é o dado de entrada na função de resposta à temperatura [f(T)] no modelo WE e, em função de haver várias maneiras de calcular a temperatura diária, há várias maneiras de calcular a f(T). O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar duas versões do modelo WE para a simulação do número de folhas e dos estágios de desenvolvimento em milho, considerando dois métodos de entrada da temperatura diária do ar (temperatura média diária do ar e temperatura mínima/ máxima diária do ar). Um experimento de campo com a variedade de milho BRS
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different plant spacing on growth, development and stems and roots yield of cassava in a subtropical environment in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of four spacings: 0.8x0.8 m, 1.0x1.0 m, 1.2x1.2 m, 1.5x1.5 m, corresponding to densities of 15,625 plants ha , respectively. The cultivar used was Fepagro -RS 13. The variables of growth and development analyzed were green leaf area, plant height, number of senescent leaves, internode length, final leaf number (FLN), number of lateral shoots, final leaf size, phyllochron and stem and root fresh and dry weight yield. The maximum leaf area index and phyllochron increased as plant density increased. The final leaf size and number of lateral shoots increased as plant density decreased. FLN differed only for the second sympodial branching, with the highest number of leaves at the 1.5x1.5m plant spacing. Stem yield of the cultivar Fepagro -RS 13 does not change with plant spacing, but tuber root yield per area is higher at higher densities, while yield per plant and per root is higher at lower densities.Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, plant density, phyllochron, LAI.Efeito do espaçamento de plantio no crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade da mandioca em ambiente subtropical , respectivamente. A cultivar usada foi a Fepagro -RS 13. As variáveis de crescimento e desenvolvimento analisadas foram área foliar verde, altura das plantas, número de folhas senescidas, comprimento de entrenó, número final de folhas (NFF), número de brotações laterais, tamanho final de folhas, filocrono e produtividade de haste e raiz em massa fresca e seca. O índice de área foliar máximo e o filocrono aumentam à medida que aumenta a densidade de plantio. O tamanho final de folha e o número de brotações laterais aumentaram à medida que diminuiu a densidade de plantio. O NFF diferiu apenas na segunda ramificação simpodial (RS2), com maior número de folhas nas plantas espaçadas a 1,5x1,5 m. A produtividade de hastes na cultivar Fepagro -RS 13 não varia com o espaçamento de plantio, mas a produtividade de raízes por área é maior nas densidades maiores, enquanto que a produtividade por planta e por raiz comercial é maior nas densidades menores.Palavras-chave: Manihot esculenta Crantz, densidade de plantas, filocrono, IAF.
The objective of this study was to simulate leaf development of cultivated rice genotypes and weedy red rice biotypes in climate change scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. A leaf appearance (LAR) model adapted for rice was used to simulate the accumulated leaf number, represented by the Haun Stage, from crop emergence to flag leaf appearance (EM-FL). Three cultivated rice genotypes and two weedy red rice biotypes in six emergence dates were used. The LAR model was run for each emergence date using 100 years of synthetic daily weather data and six climate scenarios, including current, +1, +2, +3, +4 and +5 °C increase in mean air temperature, with symmetric and asymmetric increase in daily minimum and maximum temperature. The increase in air temperature scenarios decreased the duration of the EM-FL phase in the earlier emergence dates (08/20, 09/20, 10/20) whereas in mid (11/20) and late emergence dates (12/20 and 01/20) the longest EM-FL phase was in the symmetric +5 °C scenario and the shortest duration was in the asymmetric +3 and +4 °C scenarios. The timing of the onset of flooding irrigation and nitrogen dressing may be altered if global warming takes place and weedy red rice has a potential to enhance its competitiveness with cultivated rice in future climates.Key words: Oryza sativa, global warming, plant competition, climate change, nitrogen management Desenvolvimento foliar de arroz cultivado e arroz vermelho em cenários de aumento de temperatura RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo simular o desenvolvimento foliar de genótipos de arroz cultivados e biótipos invasores de arroz vermelho em cenários de mudança climática em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um modelo de aparecimento de folhas foi usado para simular o número de folhas acumuladas, representadas pelo Estádio de Haun, a partir da emergência da cultura até o aparecimento da folha bandeira (EM-FB). Foram utilizados três genótipos de arroz cultivados e dois biótipos de arroz vermelho, em seis épocas de emergência. O modelo foi rodado em cem anos de seis cenários climáticos: atual, +1, +2, +3, +4 e +5 °C, com aumentos simétricos e assimétricos na temperatura mínima e máxima diária do ar. O aumento da temperatura nos cenários ocasiona uma redução da duração da fase EM-FB nas datas de emergência mais cedo (20/08, 20/09, 20/10) enquanto no período intermediário (20/11) e nas datas de emergência tardias (20/12 e 20/01) a maior duração da fase EM-FB foi no cenário simétrico +5 °C e a menor duração foi nos cenários assimétricos de +3 e +4 °C. O momento do início da irrigação por inundação e manejo do nitrogênio em cobertura pode ser alterado com o aquecimento global e o arroz vermelho tem potencial para aumentar sua competitividade com arroz cultivado em climas futuros. Palavras
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