4.

Long-term management of OMD with botulinum toxin has minimal morbidity and is useful for all clinical forms. Injections can be titrated by dose and location to address the predominant muscle groups involved.

Palatal myoclonus can present with tinnitus or patient-perceived palatal movements. Management with botulinum toxin can be tailored to address the muscles contributing to the predominant presenting symptoms.

Surgical management of laryngeal disorders in patients with PD should focus on restoring bulk to atrophic vocal folds to minimize glottic gaps, thus improving vocalization efficiency even in the presence of impaired respiratory effort. Conversely, the autonomic dysfunction that characterizes MSA results in upper airway obstruction, and thus surgical management focuses primarily on maintaining an adequate airway, which frequently necessitates tracheostomy.

No abstract

Though rare, there are a variety of neoplasms that can involve the infratemporal fossa. Patients with malignancies of this region usually present late in their disease course with invasion into surrounding structures. Diagnosis and approach to this region is difficult considering its concealed location.