The article, on the basis of two Joanne Harris's novels and their translations into Lithuanian, aims to analyse translation strategies for culture-specific items. The paper describes the concept of culture, investigates peculiarities of culture-specific concepts and discusses possible ways for translating them. The theoretical research has revealed many ambiguities in the translation theory: 1) there is no single term to define culturespecific items and many different terms are used interchangeably; 2) there is no single classification system for culture-specific items; 3) terminology to define translation strategies for culture-specific items is not unified and their number and specifics vary from one source to another; 4) the choice of the translation strategy in a particular case is a controversial issue. Davis's classification of translation strategies is used for the practical part of the research and all the instances are analysed under seven headings: preservation, addition, omission, globalization, localization, transformations and creation. The study results have demonstrated that the strategy of localization has been used most often. The major part of proper names is transcribed taking into account phonemic aspect and applying Lithuanian grammar rules. A few exceptions are made to the names of historical/ religious personalities or names which have the adapted established Lithuanian form of the name. Addition as a footnote is very often used to explain the words of non-English origin. Translation strategies of creation and transformations were not found in the novels under analysis.
Abstract:The article aims at better understanding the usage of Lithuanian and Brazilian masculine first names by means of an exploratory comparative study based on statistical sources from national institutional websites of Lithuania and Brazil. Even though the two countries are rather different in terms of geography, number of population and official languages, there are some overlapping points along their history which suggest that the repertoire of names, particularly masculine ones, may have some similarities. The research results have confirmed the existence of equivalent names in both countries. These names are Christian names and their usage is influenced by Catholicism, a dominating religion in both countries. However, there is no evidence that names in different languages, that are equivalent in form and origin, should also have equivalent connotations. Keywords: Onomastics; Anthroponomy; Comparative Anthroponomastics.Resumo: Este artigo objetiva compreender melhor os usos de prenomes masculinos na Lituânia e no Brasil mediante um estudo exploratório comparativo baseado em dados estatísticos disponíveis em sites institucionais de cada país. Apesar das diferenças geográficas, populacionais, e linguísticas existentes, há pontos de contato ao longo Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, v. 26, n. 3, p. 1201-1226, 2018 1202 da História desses países o que sugere a possibilidade de haver alguma convergência nos repertórios de nomes de pessoas utilizados, especialmente no que tange os nomes masculinos. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmaram a existência de nomes equivalentes em ambos os países. São nomes cristãos cujo uso foi influenciado pelo Catolicismo, religião predominante nos dois países. Contudo, não há evidência de que nomes em línguas diferentes que se equivalem formalmente e do ponto de vista de sua origem, também apresentem conotações equivalentes.
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa em Antroponomástica, um ramo da Onomástica dedicado ao estudo dos nomes próprios de pessoa. O foco desse artigo é a descrição e comparação (1) dos diferentes processos morfológicos envolvidos na formação de hipocorísticos no Português do Brasil e no idioma lituano e (2) dos usos de nomes hipocorísticos como prenomes oficiais em ambos os países de acordo com dados disponíveis em dois websites institucionais nacionais. A análise comparativa descrita ao longo do artigo mostra que os processos morfológicos de abreviação de prenomes de cada língua apresentam entre si mais similaridades do que diferenças. Apesar dessas semelhanças, os usos de hipocorísticos como prenome são bem diferentes em cada país. De acordo com os dados estatísticos brasileiros, atualmente, tem diminuído o uso de hipocorístico como prenome. Ao contrário, segundo os dados estatísticos lituanos, o uso de hipocorísticos como prenome é uma tendência contemporânea na Lituânia.
TThis research aims at analysing and comparing the motives for choosing the first name of a child in Lithuania and Brazil in the years 1958-2016. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods and applying social and cultural approaches, it reveals that different countries and cultures have both similar and divergent trends in name-giving practices. The most remarkable similarity in both countries and cultures is both the predominance of an aesthetic motiveand the desire to honour a relative, a friend, or a famous person. These trends are presumably related to universal aspects of naming practices. The aesthetic motiveis related to processes of cultural globalization, while the honour-oriented motivepoints to the significance of traditional naming patterns. The greatest difference between Lithuanian and Brazilian data is in the frequency of name choices due to patriotism, religion, name uniqueness or naming a child after a fictional character. Such divergent results are explained by different social values in each society and different cultural and historical experiences. In addition, the research proves that the first names do have meaning; however, it is not purely conceptual or lexical, as they rather bear individual connotations.
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