Discourse analysis is becoming an increasingly common approach in planning and environmental policy research. This paper asserts that the generic treatment of discourse analysis obscures distinct approaches in which 'discourses' can combine different elements of text, systems of thought and action. Textually oriented approaches have been more prevalent during the 1990s; but this paper explores a different approach, grounded in the theory of Michel Foucault, which broadens discourse to embrace social action. Comparing and contrasting two studies that have utilized this approach, the paper suggests that there is considerable room for variation concerning the subjects of study, the institutional scale of analyses, the methods of investigation and process of analysis. Nevertheless, this paper identifies certain core elements of a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach. The paper concludes that this emerging approach to discourse analysis promises considerable insights if applied more widely in planning and environmental research. Copyright

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The nexus of water-energy-food (WEF) is as apparent at the household scale as it is anywhere else. We introduce the "Nexus at Home" as a starting point for exploring the dynamics of WEF resource use and household sustainability. Drawing on two research projects we focus specifically on domestic kitchens as a site where practices of cooking, eating, cleaning and disposing of waste come together. While these practices have long been targets for policy intervention, existing approaches draw on a limited range of perspectives from the social sciences. Reflecting on our work with four non-academic partners (Defra, BEIS, FSA, Waterwise), we consider how social practice and geographies of household sustainability research might be combined with the dictum of "nexus thinking" to re-imagine the framing of policy and intervention to reduce the resource intensity of everyday life. Synthesising existing "home practices" literature in the context of the "live" policy problems raised by our partners, we seek to provide clear guidance for intervening in kitchen practices. We draw on one topic which has not yet been the subject of social practices research: fats, oils and grease (FOG) going down the kitchen plughole and contributing to widespread sewer blockages.In doing so we document the sequence of interrelated food provisioning activities through which WEF is put to use in domestic kitchens and contributes to FOG blockages in sewers. We reflect upon the multiple ways these practices are shaped by the rhythms of daily life, dynamics within the home, wider cultural conventions, and infrastructures. This paper contributes to the nascent transdisciplinary research agenda of translating home practices research into wider conceptualisations of "intervention", with a specific orientation towards academic and non-academic stakeholders who are interested in influencing systems of sustainable consumption and production within, and across, the WEF sectors. K E Y W O R D Sdomestic practices, everyday practice, fats-oils-grease, household sustainability, policy interventions, water-energy-food nexus --

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The contributions and limitations of the positivist and post-positivist approaches to research into domestic water demand are analysed and compared, and the potential for bringing the two perspectives together is evaluated. The analysis is based on a 4-year investigation of water demand conducted as part of a larger multidisciplinary research programme on sustainable urban environments and specifically the role of water in new developments. The positivist approach is more traditional and offers immediate utility in an evidence-based, legally defensible policy arena. Positivists use concepts such as good ecological status and water scarcity as measures or targets. In contrast post-positivists seek to 'deconstruct' concepts and decision processes in order to understand backgrounds, values and contexts that influence outcomes. The positivists typically use large quantitative data sets and seek to establish general 'truths' that can be tested and used to forecast. The post-positivists undertake intensive case-study-based investigations, typically drawing on qualitative information to illustrate processes, exceptions and barriers. While each approach can add value to the other, the paper argues that the synthesis of the two approaches to create integrated interdisciplinary frameworks is unlikely to succeed. It argues that the most helpful vision is that of a pluralist research environment with 'interrelating interdisciplinary research' in which the relative contributions of generalisations and forecasts are discussed alongside broader interpretations about the inherent values of the current policy process. key words positivism post-positivism quantitative research interdisciplinary research water demand UK

Efforts to restore rivers are increasingly concerned with the social implications of landscape change. However, the fundamental issue of how people make sense of local riverine environments in the context of restoration remains poorly understood. Our research examined influences on perception among local residents 14 years after a restoration scheme on the River Dearne in the north of England. Human-landscape relationships emerging from semi-structured interviews with 16 local residents were analysed using an interpretive research framework. Nine recurring factors influenced perception among local residents: scenic beauty; the condition of riparian vegetation and of river channel morphology; opportunities to observe flora and fauna; cleanliness of the riverine environment; access available to the river; connections between the river and the surrounding landscape; disturbance and change in the familiarity of the landscape following restoration. These factors were not solely related to tangible outcomes of the restoration scheme, but were also influenced by history, memories, traditions and practices associated with the river. Critically, these factors also interacted rather than operating in isolation and two idealised perceptual frameworks were developed to map these interactions. Our research contributes to theoretical understanding of the relationships between humans and landscape change, whilst also considering how restoration practice may better reflect these relationships. The importance of a social dimension to the template of possibilities for restoring any given river emerges, underpinning place-based design and implementation of river restoration schemes.

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