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The current paper presents a new measure of trait resilience derived from three common mechanisms identified in ecological theory: Engineering, Ecological and Adaptive (EEA) resilience. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of five existing resilience scales suggest that the three trait resilience facets emerge, and can be reduced to a 12-item scale. The conceptualization and value of EEA resilience within the wider trait and well-being psychology is illustrated in terms of differing relationships with adaptive expressions of the traits of the five-factor personality model and the contribution to well-being after controlling for personality and coping, or over time. The current findings suggest that EEA resilience is a useful and parsimonious model and measure of trait resilience that can readily be placed within wider trait psychology and that is found to contribute to individual well-being.

The current findings suggest that the type of para-social relationship that young adults form with celebrities, particularly with those whose body shape is admired, may need to be considered by those when speaking to, and educating, young people about their choices around elective cosmetic surgery.

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The aim of the current study was to explore where Authenticity, derived from the humanistic tradition of psychology, was positioned within a number of extant models of personality.Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis of data from four samples (total N=1,286) suggested that Authenticity can be considered as loading on the Honesty-Humility factor of personality. These findings are discussed in terms of the wider theoretical overlaps between honesty-humility and psychological functioning as emphasised by the humanistic tradition of psychology

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Three studies were conducted to investigate people's conceptions of online trolls, particularly conceptions associated with psychological resilience to trolling. In Study 1, factor analytic analysis of participants' ratings of characteristics of online trolls found a replicable bifactor model of conceptions of online trolls, with both a general factor of general conceptions towards online trolls being identified, but five group factors (attention-conflict seeking, low selfconfidence, viciousness, uneducated, amusement) as most salient. In Study 2, participants evaluated hypothetical profiles of online trolling messages to establish the validity of the five factors. Three constructs (attention-conflict seeking, viciousness, and uneducated) were actively employed when people considered profiles of online trolling scenarios. Study 3 introduced a 20-item 'Conceptions of Online Trolls scale' to examine the extent to which the five group factors were associated with resilience to trolling. Results indicated that viewing online trolls as seeking conflict or attention was associated with a decrease in individuals' negative affect around previous trolling incidents. Overall, the findings suggest that adopting an implicit theories approach can further our understanding and measurement of conceptions towards trolling through the identification of five salient factors, of which at least one factor may act as a resilience strategy.Keywords: Trolling, Implicit, Conception, Conflict, Attention, Negative Affect, Resilience.IMPLICIT THEORIES OF ONLINE TROLLING 3 Implicit theories of online trolling: Evidence of possible resilient conceptions to "attention seekers"Trolling via social media (such as social networking sites or message boards) is frequently an attempt to argue with and upset people by posting inflammatory and malicious messages (Buckels, Trapnell, & Paulhus, 2014;Hardaker, 2010Hardaker, , 2013. The severity of trolling can range from relatively minor incidents, such as "accidental trolls" (someone who is just speaking their mind), to more extreme versions in which individuals intend to cause grief to bereaved families (Hardaker, 2010(Hardaker, , 2013. Recently, the CEO of Twitter admitted to its ineffectiveness at dealing with trolling incidents (Hern, 2015), and recent high-profile cases in the media have drawn attention to the criminality that surrounds acts of trolling. Consequently, several individuals have been jailed for this online behaviour (Morris, 2011; Press Association, 2014a, 2014b how it can operate as a status-enhancing activity, with the troll gaining approval from others, potentially receiving greater recognition than they do in their offline lives.The psychological approaches individuals adopt when dealing with trolling are yet to be empirically studied. Early research findings suggest different outcomes of trolling behaviour, with deleterious outcomes for some victims of trolling, including suicide (Robson, 2014; Sky News, 2014;Zetter, 2009). Some view trolling as simple stupidity (Chamo...

The study explored how scores on the three dimensions of the Engineering, Ecological, and Adaptive Capacity (EEA) trait resilience scale, derived from Holling's ecological systems theory of resilience, demonstrate fit within higher-order bifactor models of measurement, cultural invariance, and associations with clinical caseness of affect. Three samples (295 US adults, and 179 Japanese and 251 Polish university students) completed the EEA trait resilience scale. In addition, a subsample of US adults were administered the Ten-Item Personality Inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale ). Across all samples, a higher-order bifactor model provided the best fit of the data, with salience of loadings on the three group factors. A multi-group comparison found configural invariance, but neither metric nor scalar invariance, for EEA resilience scores across the three samples. Among the US sample, engineering and adaptive trait resilience scores predicted clinical caseness of depression, and adaptive trait resilience scores predicted clinical caseness of anxiety, after controlling for sex, age, income, education, employment, and personality. The findings suggest the cross-cultural replicability of the structure (but not the meaning) of the threefactor EEA measure of trait resilience, and its relevance for predicting clinical caseness of affect among a US sample.An Ecological Systems Model of Trait Resilience ... 3