In tissue engineering, scaffolding plays an important role in accommodating and stimulating new tissue growth. Chitosan and alginate are two widely used natural polymers in tissue engineering. Here, we prepared the chitosan-alginate (Chi-Alg) hydrogel from naturally derived chitosan and alginate polymers. The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that a chitosan-alginate hydrogel was constructed due to the strong ionic interaction between the positively charged amino groups of chitosan and the negatively charged carboxyl groups of alginate. The scanning electron microscopy and contact angle results showed the inner porous structure and highly hydrophilic property of chitosan-alginate hydrogel. As the two most promising cell types in nerve tissue engineering, both olfactory ensheathing cells and neural stem cells proliferated well on the chitosan-alginate hydrogel. All results indicated the good potential application of a chitosan-alginate hydrogel for neural tissue engineering.

In recent years, perovskite materials have been widely used in optoelectronic components due to a series of advantages such as a high light absorption coefficient, high carrier mobility, long carrier diffusion length, shallow defect level, and high crystallinity. The photodetector is an important photoelectric device that can convert light radiation signals into electrical signals, so it has significant applications and scientific research value in military, civil, and other fields. Semiconductor materials are an essential part of photodetectors. So far, many semiconductor materials have been used in photodetectors, including silicon, carbon nanotubes, III−V compounds, and quantum dots, and remarkable progress has been made in improving the light detection performance and device structure design. However, photodetectors based on these materials usually require expensive materials, rigorous processes, and complex manufacturing conditions, which hinder their commercial application. Optoelectronic devices based on perovskite materials have the advantages of a simple fabrication process, low cost, and high performance, making them widely considered in optoelectronic applications. This review focuses on the preparation and photoelectric performance of the perovskite photodetector and the effect of noise on the performance of the perovskite detector and how to reduce the detector's noise to increase the detection rate. In this review, we mainly discuss the following four aspects of work. First, we discuss the various noises of perovskite photodetectors. Then, we explore ways to reduce the noise of perovskite detectors with different structures (photoconductor, photodiode, and phototransistor). We explore corresponding improvement methods for different device structure detectors to reduce noise and improve the detection performance. Next, we discuss the different synthesis methods of all-inorganic perovskites, including solution processing synthesis, vapor-assisted solution synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition. Finally, current challenges of perovskite photodetectors (toxicity, stability, flexibility, and self-powered) are summarized and prospected.

Background: mast cells play an important role in airway inflammation in asthma. The transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) channel is expressed in primary human lung mast cells and plays a critical role for cell survival. This study aimed to investigate the role of TRPM7 on degranulation and release of cytokines in rat bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Methods: the expression levels of TRPM7 were observed by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR between normal and asthmatic rat BMMCs. TRPM7-specific shRNA and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and specific shTRPM7 were used to inhibit the function of TRPM7. Degranulation levels were analyzed by beta-hexosaminidase assay. Histamine, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 levels were measured by ELISA. Results: the expression of TRPM7 was significantly higher in asthmatic rat BMMCs than in the normal control group. After application of 2-APB and down-regulation of TRPM7, the beta-hexosaminidase activity and secretion of histamine, IL-6, IL-13 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the asthmatic group compared to the control group. Conclusion: this study indicates that TRPM7 channels may be involved in the process of degranulation and release of cytokines in rat bone marrow-derived mast cells.

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Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is associated with poor prognosis. However, current stage-based clinical methods are insufficient for survival prediction and decision-making. This study aimed to establish a novel model for evaluating the risk of LUAD based on hypoxia, immunity, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene signatures.Methods: In this study, we used data from TCGA-LUAD for the training cohort and GSE68465 and GSE72094 for the validation cohorts. Immunotherapy datasets GSE135222, GSE126044, and IMvigor210 were obtained from a previous study. Using bioinformatic and machine algorithms, we established a risk model based on hypoxia, immune, and EMT gene signatures, which was then used to divide patients into the high and low risk groups. We analyzed differences in enriched pathways between the two groups, following which we investigated whether the risk score was correlated with stemness scores, genes related to m6A, m5C, m1A and m7G modification, the immune microenvironment, immunotherapy response, and multiple anti-cancer drug sensitivity.Results: Overall survival differed significantly between the high-risk and low-risk groups (HR = 4.26). The AUCs for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival were 0.763, 0.766, and 0.728, respectively. In the GSE68465 dataset, the HR was 2.03, while the AUCs for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival were 0.69, 0.651, and 0.618, respectively. The corresponding values in the GSE72094 dataset were an HR of 2.36 and AUCs of 0.653, 0.662, and 0.749, respectively. The risk score model could independently predict OS in patients with LUAD, and highly correlated with stemness scores and numerous m6A, m5C, m1A and m7G modification-related genes. Furthermore, the risk model was significantly correlated with multiple immune microenvironment characteristics. In the GSE135222 dataset, the HR was 4.26 and the AUC was 0.702. Evaluation of the GSE126044 and IMvigor210 cohorts indicated that PD-1/PD-LI inhibitor treatment may be indicated in patients with low risk scores, while anti-cancer therapy with various drugs may be indicated in patients with high risk scores.Conclusion: Our novel risk model developed based on hypoxia, immune, and EMT gene signatures can aid in predicting clinical prognosis and guiding treatment in patients with LUAD.

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The use of additives in the transport layer can affect film formation, passivate the defects in the bulk or at the surface, and tune the direct bandgap, which promotes the performance of perovskite photodetectors. In this work, the incorporation of Mg into NiO anode interlayers which are used as hole transporting layers (HTLs) in organic−inorganic hybrid perovskite photodetectors is investigated. The device configuration is indium tin oxide (ITO)/NiO or Mg-doped NiO/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /C 60 /bathocuproine (BCP)/Cu. Mg-doped NiO as the HTL for perovskite photodetectors improves the electrical conductivity and the crystallinity of perovskite thin films, which also helps promote energy level matching with the perovskite layer. These can greatly improve hole transport and extraction abilities as well as reduce carrier recombination. The performance of the perovskite photodetector is confirmed by analyzing the current density−voltage characteristics as well as dynamic and transient photocurrent response characteristics. The device with the Mg-doped NiO layer presents a high specific detectivity of 5.3 × 10 13 jones and a large linear dynamic range of 124 dB, which is comparable to that of the commercial Si photodetectors (120 dB). The approach of Mg-doped NiO as HTLs paves a pathway to effectively facilitate the performance of perovskite photodetectors.