Most studies assume that road development will improve the economy in the region, as reflected by an increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, GDP is macro in nature and tends to be biased if we ask who benefits from its increase. To identify whether road development has a positive correlation with the improvement of local economy, hence this study was conducted in a micro context by taking the development of the Soroja Toll Road in Indonesia as a case study. With a length of 10.57 km, connecting Bandung Regency and Bandung City, the newly constructed Soroja Toll Road has a strategic function in supporting activities in the Bandung Metropolitan Area (BMA) and is predicted giving implication on increasing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) profit surrounding its corridor. However, a toll road cannot entirely be seen as a public goods, because not all people have access to this type of infrastructure. Only the users of four-wheeled vehicles and those who can afford to pay the toll charge can access the toll road. This study was aimed at identifying the correlation between the developments of the Soroja Toll Road with the improvement of local economy (SMEs) in its surrounding areas. Based on the analysis result, this study indicates that the presence of the Soroja Toll Road had a bigger positive correlation with the increased profit of medium-sized industries than small-sized industries due to their ability to capture a broader market.
Ketimpangan pembangunan jalan antar daerah di Indonesia diperkirakan berkorelasi dengan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Setuju atau tidak, harus kita akui bahwa salah satu indikator yang sering digunakan untuk mengukur kemakmuran adalah Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB). Namun, validitas PDB sebagai satu-satunya indikator kemakmuran suatu daerah masih diperdebatkan saat ini. Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa kemakmuran harus mencakup “aspek material” seperti sejahtera dalam arti memiliki akses pendidikan yang tinggi, fasilitas kesehatan atau daya beli yang tinggi, serta “aspek imaterial” seperti kebahagiaan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara ketimpangan pembangunan jalan dengan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat di Indonesia, baik dari segi kesejahteraan material maupun immateril. Hasil analisis asosiasi menunjukkan bahwa infrastruktur jalan berkorelasi cukup erat dengan kemakmuran material tetapi tidak berkorelasi dengan kemakmuran immateriil.
This study investigates the effects of toll road development on tourism growth in the traversed area, using a case study in the Jakarta and Bandung region the largest urban area in Indonesia. In doing so, firstly, we carried out a statistical analysis on the data of economic indicators and regional tourism travel trends. Lastly, we estimated an ordinal logit model on leisure trip frequency via a toll road based on a household survey among 1,188 respondents who live in the proximity of toll gates. Our analysis showed that there is a correlation between the development of toll roads and the increased tourism activities in the area traversed by the toll roads. This finding is supported by the estimation results of the ordinal logit model that the closer the residential location of a respondent to a toll gate, the respondent would be more frequent to travel via a toll road. Despite the benefit that comes with toll roads, this study also highlights that its development should address its equity implications, which is the distribution of benefits across different segments of income.
Bandung is one of Indonesia’s major cities, holding a strategic position as the center of the Bandung Metropolitan Area. The most dominant paratransit with the widest coverage in Bandung City is the angkot, a small four-wheeled vehicle (minibus) that has been modified for use as public transportation. As it stands currently, however, this paratransit service is inadequate and unreliable, and it has pushed people to use private vehicles to support their daily commute, which causes traffic congestion to worsen. Workers are the biggest traffic-generating group in Bandung city. Their regular commute pattern as well as their large proportion in Bandung city’s population (47.78% of the total population in 2020) make this group an important determinant in Bandung City’s transportation. Shifting the workers’ mode of transportation from private to public transportation including the angkot is predicted to decrease traffic jams on some level. Through binary logistic regression, this study provides an analysis of mode shifting probability to the angkot, key factors that could be intervened to increase this shifting probability, as well as the extent to which intervention toward these factors will increase angkot usage so that it can provide a picture of future characteristics of the angkot in contrast to the current condition, should this transportation mode continue to run in the future. Based on the modeling result, the study identified four key variables that significantly influence mode shifting probability in Bandung City: 1) private vehicle ownership, 2) driving license ownership, 3) people’s perception of current transportation costs, and 4) people’s perception of the level of comfort provided by the mode of transportation. If in the future the angkot in Bandung City is improved with better comfort and affordability, approximately only 3.31% of workers will start using the angkot. This very low probability indicates that if in the future the government wants to shift working people from private vehicles to the angkot, then the angkot must be transformed. Abstrak. Bandung merupakan salah satu kota besar di Indonesia yang memiliki posisi strategis sebagai pusat kawasan metropolitan. Paratransit yang paling dominan dengan jangkauan terluas di Kota Bandung adalah angkot, kendaraan roda empat kecil (minibus) yang telah dimodifikasi untuk digunakan sebagai transportasi umum. Namun, layanan paratransit ini tidak memadai dan tidak dapat diandalkan sehingga mendorong orang untuk menggunakan kendaraan pribadi dalam mendukung perjalanan sehari-hari, yang menyebabkan kemacetan lalu lintas semakin parah. Pekerja merupakan kelompok penghasil lalu lintas terbesar di kota Bandung. Pola komuter yang teratur serta proporsi penduduk kota Bandung yang besar (47,78% dari total penduduk pada tahun 2020) menjadikan kelompok ini sebagai determinan penting dalam transportasi Kota Bandung. Pergeseran moda transportasi pekerja dari angkutan pribadi ke angkutan umum termasuk angkot diprediksi dapat mengurangi kemacetan di beberapa tingkatan. Melalui regresi logistik biner, penelitian ini memberikan analisis probabilitas perpindahan moda ke angkot, faktor-faktor kunci yang dapat diintervensi untuk meningkatkan probabilitas perpindahan tersebut, serta sejauh mana intervensi terhadap faktor-faktor tersebut akan meningkatkan penggunaan angkot sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran karakteristik angkot di masa depan yang kontras dengan kondisi saat ini, dalam kasus moda transportasi ini tetap berjalan di masa yang akan datang. Berdasarkan hasil pemodelan, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi empat variabel kunci yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap probabilitas perpindahan moda di Kota Bandung: 1) kepemilikan kendaraan pribadi, 2) kepemilikan SIM, 3) persepsi masyarakat terhadap biaya transportasi saat ini, dan 4) persepsi masyarakat terhadap tingkat kenyamanan yang diberikan oleh moda transportasi tersebut. Jika kedepannya angkot di Kota Bandung ditingkatkan dengan kenyamanan dan keterjangkauan yang lebih baik, kira-kira hanya 3,31% pekerja yang akan mulai menggunakan angkot. Probabilitas yang sangat rendah ini menunjukkan bahwa jika di masa depan pemerintah ingin memindahkan pekerja dari kendaraan pribadi ke angkot, maka angkot tersebut harus diubah. Kata kunci. Pergeseran moda, angkot, pekerja, logistik biner.
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