Stroke is the leading cause of death in China and confers a huge burden and effort on patients and health professionals. China has the world's largest population and has been experiencing a rapid economic development. In this article, we review the current status of stroke epidemiological features and risk factors, and the recently ongoing stroke epidemiological survey in China. Epidemiological studies suggested that stroke incidence increases with age and that the elderly population is expected to increase over time in China. Stroke mortality increased gradually from 1990 to 2000 but declined since the beginning of the 21st century, probably related to better control of vascular risk factors and the advances in acute stroke care. The Chinese lifestyle has changed rapidly during the past 3 decades. Moreover, China is a big country with substantial geographic disparities. The geographical variation and chronological trend of vascular risk factors may determine changes in the prevalence and subtypes of stroke in China. In this review, the current Chinese researches on the critical management of stroke and the potential direction and support of the Chinese government are discussed.

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The most effective medical treatment for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is to offer intravenous thrombolysis during the ultra-early period of time after the onset. Even based on the Consensus of Chinese Experts on Intravenous Thrombolysis for AIS in 2012 and 2014 Chinese Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of AIS, the rate of thrombolysis for AIS in China remained around 2.4%, and the rate of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator usage was only about 1.6% in real world. The indication of thrombolysis for AIS has been expanded, and contraindications have been reduced with recently published studies. In order to facilitate the standardisation of treating AIS, improve the rate of thrombolysis and benefit patients who had a stroke, Chinese Stroke Association has organised and developed this scientific statement.

a b s t r a c tThe biggest challenge for the production of bulk commodities such as biofuels and bio-based chemicals through biorefinery is to secure low-cost biomass feedstocks on a large scale. Current sugar-and starchbased feedstocks are not sustainable due to their main usage as food or food ingredients for humans. Although lignocellulosic biomass, particularly agricultural residues, is abundantly available, its conversion and utilization are still not economically competitive. One solution is to develop specific energy crops that can grow well on marginal land without competing for arable land with grain production. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is tolerant to environmental stresses such as drought and salinity as well as plant diseases, and thus is an alternative energy crop. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke comes mainly from its tubers containing inulin as a major component, which can be hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars without an energy-intensive pretreatment. In this article, genetic resources, cultivar selection and planting of Jerusalem artichoke are reviewed. Compared to other herbaceous energy crops, particularly switchgrass and Miscanthus that have been intensively studied in the United States and Europe, not only can Jerusalem artichoke be used as feedstock for producing biofuels and bio-based chemicals, but also value-added products to make the biorefinery process more economically competitive.

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