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BACKGROUND This work further investigates fluoride removal from groundwater by induced crystallization in batch experiments and in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR). Phosphate rock (PR), which is an abundant ore and represents the basic raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry, was used as seed crystal in the induced crystallization process. RESULTS Induced crystallization in FBR reduced the concentration of F− in synthetic groundwater from 9.5 mg L‐1 to <1.0 mg L‐1. Phases with the potential for precipitation were calculated through thermodynamic equilibrium modeling. The formed precipitates were identified by powder x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Finally, fluorapatite crystallization mechanisms were confirmed by the induced crystallization of Ca5(PO4)3F on the surface of PR. CONCLUSION The fluorapatite crystallization process in FBR removed F− from groundwater, and the used seed crystal PR was rich in phosphorus and that could be recovered as raw material for the phosphatic fertilizer industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

Adsorption behaviors and removal efficiencies of different phosphorus species on sewage sludge-based biochar (SBB) were investigated, with powder activated carbon (PAC) as a comparison. The adsorption efficiencies of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium glycerol-phosphate on SBB are 81.91%-92.86%, 66.02%-90.66% and 25.48%-38.94%, when the initial pH values of phosphate solutions are 3-10, 4-10 and 3-10, respectively. The maximal adsorption capacities of phosphates on SBB are 2.1-5.3 times those of PAC. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that ligand-exchange mechanism and Lewis acid-base interactions occur between hydrolysates of surface-Fe 2+ /surface-Fe 3+ and phosphates, and the precipitates of phosphates accumulate on the surface of SBB and separate from the aqueous solution. These results demonstrate that SBB is an effective adsorbent for phosphorus removal and recovery in wastewater, and it also has the potential to reduce phosphorus leaching loss in the soil when applied in soil amendment.

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This study investigated the effects of different amino acids on the fermentation of pure inulin and glucose using Paenibacillus polymyxa ZJ‐9 in order to improve the production of R,R‐2,3‐butanediol (R,R‐2,3‐BD) respectively. The inulin extract from Jerusalem artichoke tubers contained 19 common amino acids, which were detected by HPLC. Arg featured the highest content (1290 mg l−1). A single add‐back experiment of 20 common amino acids indicated that Asn, Ser, His and Arg are key amino acids in R,R‐2,3‐BD synthesis during inulin fermentation using P. polymyxa ZJ‐9. The corresponding yields of R,R‐2,3‐BD reached 24·32, 22·32, 22·03 and 21·04 g l−1 after the four key amino acids (1·5 g l−1 each) and glucose were evaluated in this fermentation. The yields were considerably higher than that of the control group (12·11 g l−1). With the addition of the mixture of four amino acids (1·5 g l−1 each), the highest yields of R,R‐2,3‐BD (25·07 and 17·47 g l−1) were obtained with the increase of 107·0 and 89·1% during the fermentation of glucose and pure inulin respectively. Significance and Impact of the Study Paenibacillus polymyxa is a micro‐organism with a reported potential for industrialized production of R,R‐2,3‐butanediol. The nitrogen sources have a significant effect on R,R‐2,3‐butanediol formation using P. polymyxa. This study demonstrated a highly efficient new method to improve the yield of R,R‐2,3‐butanediol without adding other nitrogen sources except amino acids during the fermentation. This will therefore decrease the production cost of R,R‐2,3‐butanediol and provide a new strategy for promoting synthesis of amino acid‐dependent products.

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