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Edited by Miguel De la Rosa Keywords:Insoluble protein Ephrin-B2 Intrinsically unstructured protein Protein-ion interaction Hofmeister series NMR spectroscopy a b s t r a c t Insoluble proteins dissolved in unsalted water appear to have no well-folded tertiary structures. This raises a fundamental question as to whether being unstructured is due to the absence of salt ions. To address this issue, we solubilized the insoluble ephrin-B2 cytoplasmic domain in unsalted water and first confirmed using NMR spectroscopy that it is only partially folded. Using NMR HSQC titrations with 14 different salts, we further demonstrate that the addition of salt triggers no significant folding of the protein within physiologically relevant ion concentrations. We reveal however that their 8 anions bind to the ephrin-B2 protein with high affinity and specificity at biologically-relevant concentrations. Interestingly, the binding is found to be both salt-and residue-specific.

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In-plane heterojunctions, obtained by seamlessly joining two or more nanoribbon edges of isolated two-dimensional atomic crystals such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, are emerging as nanomaterials for the development of future multifunctional devices.