RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos de
ABSTRACT(Allelopathic activity of Hovenia dulcis Th unb. (Rhamnaceae) leaves and pseudofruits on the germination of Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae)). Th is paper aims to evaluate the allelopathic eff ect of dry leaves and pseudofruits of Hovenia dulcis Th unb. on lettuce seeds. Th erefore, aqueous extracts of leaves and pseudofruits were prepared in 1%, 2% and 4% (m/v) concentrations. Four replicates were done of 25 lettuce seeds distributed in Petri dishes lined with Germitest paper and humidifi ed with the extracts, maintained in germination chamber at 25 °C, constant photoperiod and light presence for fi ve days, the control being distilled water. Th e percentage, speed, germination rate index, root length and aerial-part length of the seedlings were calculated, as well as the seeds eff ect in the presence of diff erent pH solutions. It was observed that the seedlings were signifi cantly aff ected in the presence of aqueous extracts of dry leaves and pseudofruits at 2% and 4% concentrations. Th e eff ects were not linked to pH and osmotic potential, indicating, therefore, allelopathic interference of Hovenia dulcis extracts.
Potencial alelopático de extratos aquosos de frutos de Solanum americanum Mill. sobre as sementes de rabanete RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alelopático de extratos aquosos de frutos de erva-moura (Solanum americanum Mill.) sobre a germinação da semente e o crescimento inicial da plântula de rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.). Os extratos foram preparados nas concentrações 2; 4 e 8% e caracterizados quanto ao pH, potencial osmótico e perfil fitoquímico. Os testes foram constituídos de quatro repetições de 25 sementes de rabanete em placas de Petri contendo duas folhas de papel germitest e 5 mL de extrato aquoso. Para a germinação foram avaliados: a porcentagem de germinação (PG), a velocidade de germinação (VG), o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o coeficiente de uniformidade de germinação (CUG). Para o crescimento inicial foi avaliado: comprimento (radicular e da parte aérea), massa (fresca, seca e conteúdo de água) e teor de clorofila (a, b e total). Os extratos de frutos alteraram os parâmetros PG, VG e IVG para a germinação. Os extratos também causaram reduções no comprimento radicular, na massa fresca e nos teores de clorofila a. A ação dos extratos não está associada ao potencial osmótico e ao pH e os testes qualitativos de identificação revelam a presença de flavonóides, indicando, portanto, atividade alelopática. Palavras-chave:Alelopatia, germinação, crescimento inicial. Allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Solanum americanum Mill. fruits on radish seeds ABSTRACTThis study had the objective to test the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of nightshade fruits (Solanum americanum Mill.) on radish seed germination and leaflet early growth (Raphanus sativus L.). The extracts were prepared in the concentrations of 2, 4 and 8%, and characterized as to phytochemical profile, pH and osmotic potential. Treatments consisted of four replications of 25 radish seeds distributed in Petri dishes with two sheets of germitest paper and 5 mL of water extract. Germination parameters consisted of the germination percentage (PG), germination speed (VG), germination speed index (IVG) and germination uniformity coefficient (CUG). The initial growth was evaluated by length (root and shoot), mass (fresh, dried and water content) and chlorophyll content (a, b and total). The fruit extracts affected the PG, VG and IVG for germination. The extracts also reduced the root length, fresh mass and chlorophyll a levels. The extracts action is not related to the osmotic potential and pH and the qualitative identification tests reveals the presence of flavonoids, indicating allelopathic activity.
Alelopatia se refere à capacidade que determinada planta tem de interferir no metabolismo de outra, por meio de compostos químicos liberados no meio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência alelopática de extratos aquosos de folhas de Phytolacca dioica L. na germinação e crescimento inicial de plantas de tomate e picão-preto. Extratos foram preparados nas concentrações 1%, 2%, 4% e 8%. Foram medidos o pH e o potencial osmótico dos extratos e realizada a análise fitoquímica das folhas. Nos experimentos foram utilizadas quatro repetições de 25 sementes distribuídas em placas de Petri com duas folhas de papel germitest umedecida com 5mL de extrato. Foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação (PG), velocidade de germinação (VG), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento (raiz e parte aérea) e massa (fresca e seca) das plântulas de tomate e picão-preto. O pH e o potencial osmótico mantiveram-se dentro de padrões aceitáveis e a análise fitoquímica das folhas revelou a presença de flavonóides. A PG, VG e IVG foram afetados nos tratamentos mais concentrados (4 e 8%), o comprimento e a massa das plântulas de tomate e picão-preto foram afetados em todos os tratamentos. Tratamentos a 8% inibiram totalmente o processo germinativo das plantas.
Allelopathy is the term used to define any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants and microorganisms that influence growth and development of agrobiological systems. Currently, it is sought to find allelochemicals of interest and know how to apply them in bio-herbicides to combat weeds. In this study, the effects of the crude leaf extract and fractions of Machaerium hirtum (Vell.) Stellfeld were analyzed on Euphorbia heterophylla L. (wild poinsettia) and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell (morning glory), as well as the occurrence of morphoanatomical changes. For this, 0.04 g of the crude extract and fractions were solubilized and diluted (50 mL) to concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g L-1 (m/v). Initial growth tests were performed on Petri dishes containing two paper sheets and seedlings of weed species with the respective treatments, being maintained in a germination chamber for 48 hours at 25 oC. Distilled water was used as a control. Shoot and root length was assessed in the initial growth. The percentage of inhibition was calculated based on the values obtained in the initial growth bioassays. Morphologically altered wild poinsettia seedlings were fixed and sectioned transversely for anatomical analysis. The results indicated significant changes in length, being wild poinsettia seedlings more sensitive when compared to those of morning glory. Morphologically altered seedlings presented root necrosis as the most frequent symptom. Anatomically, parenchymatic cells of the hypocotyl and roots of wild poinsettia seedlings presented smaller and irregularly shaped cells when compared to the control, causing significant reductions in the measured parameters.
ResumoAlelopatia pode ser definida como efeito maléfico ou benéfico que uma planta exerce sobre a outra por meio de compostos químicos liberados no meio ambiente. No presente trabalho, foram investigados os efeitos alelopáticos de extratos aquosos de folhas frescas, secas e frutos de pingo-de-ouro na germinação e no crescimento inicial da alface e tomate. Extratos aquosos foram preparados nas concentrações de 1%, 2% e 4% (m/v) e caracterizados quanto ao pH e potencial osmótico. Também foram realizadas análises fitoquímicas das folhas e frutos. Para a germinação foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação (PG), a velocidade de germinação (VG) e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O crescimento inicial foi avaliado pelo comprimento (radicular e da parte aérea) e pela massa (fresca, seca e conteúdo de água). Extratos de folhas frescas e secas alteraram a PG do tomate e a VG e IVG da alface e tomate. Todos os extratos alteram o comprimento radicular da alface e do tomate, o comprimento da parte aérea e a massa (seca e fresca) da alface. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de saponinas e flavonóides. A ação dos extratos foi desassociada de qualquer efeito do potencial osmótico e do pH, indicando, portanto, atividade alelopática. Unitermos: crescimento inicial, efeito alelopático, germinação, pingo-de-ouro AbstractAllelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Duranta repens on the germination and early growth of Lactuca sativa and Lycopersicum esculentum. Allelopathy can be defined as any stimulatory or inhibitory effect by one plant on another through production of chemical compounds released into the environment. In this work, the effects of aqueous extracts of Duranta repens fresh, dried leaves and fruit on the germination and early growth of lettuce and tomato were investigated. Aqueous extracts at concentrations of 1%, 2% and 4% (w/v) were prepared and characterized as to pH and osmotic potential. Phytochemical analysis of leaves and fruits was also carried out. Germination parameters consisted of the percentage of germination (PG), speed of germination (VG) and speed of germination index (IVG). Initial growth was evaluated through length (root and shoot) and mass (fresh, dried and water content). Extracts of fresh and dry leaves altered the tomato PG and Biotemas, 23 (2): 13-22, junho de 2010
RESUMOAs plantas produzem substâncias por meio do metabolismo secundário. Quando liberadas no meio ambiente são capazes de interferir na germinação e no desenvolvimento de outras plantas. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa investigar os efeitos alelopáticos de umbu (Phytolacca dioica L.) sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de alface e picão-preto, em laboratório, utilizando-se extratos aquosos de frutos de umbu nas concentrações 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8%; foi realizada análise fitoquímica dos frutos e testes de pH e potencial osmótico dos extratos de frutos. Analisaram-se, para a germinação os parâmetros: porcentagem de germinação (PG), velocidade de germinação (VG) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG); para o crescimento inicial analisaram-se os parâmetros: comprimento (radicular e da parte aérea) e biomassa (fresca e seca) das plântulas de alface e picão-preto. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey, a 1% de probabilidade. Os parâmetros PG, VG e IVG foram alterados significativamente, proporcionais ao aumento da concentração dos extratos de frutos do umbu. O comprimento (radicular e da parte aérea) e a biomassa (fresca e seca) das plântulas de alface e picão-preto foram reduzidos significativamente com o aumento da concentração dos extratos aquosos de frutos de umbu. O pH e potencial osmótico dos extratos mantiveram-se dentro de padrões adequados e a análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de flavonoides. Pelos resultados os frutos de umbu apresentaram-se com efeito alelopático sobre a alface e o picão-preto.Termos para indexação: Alelopatia, inibição, extratos aquosos. ABSTRACTPlants produce substances through secondary metabolism. When these chemicals are released into the environment they can interfere in the germination and development of other plants. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of allelopathic Phytolacca dioica L. on the germination and early growth of lettuce and beggartick, under laboratory conditions, using aqueous extracts of fruits of Phytolacca dioica at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8%. Phytochemical analysis of the fruit was performed; and pH and osmotic potential of extracts of fruit were tested. We analyzed the following germination parameters: percentage of germination (PG), speed of germination (VG) and speed of germination index (IVG), for the initial growth parameters examined are: length (root and shoot) and biomass (fresh and dry) of seedlings of lettuce and beggartick. The data were submitted to Tukey's test at 1% of probability. Parameters PG, VG and IVG were significantly affected, with increase in concentration of the extracts of fruits of Phytolacca dioica. The length (root and shoot) and biomass (fresh and dry) of seedlings of lettuce and beggartick were reduced significantly with increasing concentration of the aqueous extracts of fruits of Phytolacca dioica. The pH and osmotic potential of the extracts were maintained within appropriate standards and phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids. The results showed that the fruits...
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