Transport sector is one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Comprehensive countermeasures are needed in cities to mitigate transport GHG emissions. After reviewing green traffic measures that implemented by Shanghai since bidding for Expo 2010, this paper analyzes the achievement that Shanghai has made in carbon mitigation. The results showed that travel demand management and the constrcution public transportation infrastructure promoted by the event played a vital role in promoting mode shift to form public transport oriented traffic system. Carbon emission intensity of Shanghais urban transport declined steadily from 1.66 kg/trip to 1.55 kg/trip. The CO2 reduction attributable to mode shifts amounted to 4.99 million tons. It demonstrated that Shanghai Expo has promoted the city in carbon emission reduction through public transport improvement, new energy vehicles innovation, car growth restriction measures and green commuting initiate.
The customized bus (CB) is an alternative public transportation mode that extends the flexibility and coverage of the fixed-route transit networks. It allows passengers to make reservations for trips and arranges vehicles to serve shared rides. However, the operation performance is limited to vehicle routing, the number of stops, and the length of detour times. Extra detours and stops would not be significantly avoided if deploying high-capacity vehicles. The demand control aspect is a possible way out. Releasing incentives to passengers can attract them to aggregated locations and reduce the vehicle detour times. How to determine an appropriate incentive scheme for passengers is the critical problem. This paper presents an approach to integrating the disaggregated trip choice model with the vehicle routing model to determine incentive schemes. First, the discrete choice model is established to bridge the passengers' trip choice probabilities with the influence of monetary incentives, walking time, and travel time. A vehicle routing model based on the pickups and deliveries problem is then adopted to generate the routes and schedules of vehicles to serve the influenced passengers. The result shows that the proposed approach can reduce the total running kilometers, shorten the onboard time, and increase the profits. The analysis also suggests that passengers' sensitivity towards incentives is decisive to the result.
As the largest amount of building in urban architecture, residential building brings enormous greenhouse gases emissions concerning energy and resource consumption and solid waste disposal during its construction and removal. On the basis of LCP theory, the carbon emission of a residential building in Shenyang was calculated in each stage of the life cycle. The calculation shows that the carbon emission in the use and maintenance stage accounts for 86%, the biggest proportion in its life cycle. The carbon emission of one square meter reaches 45.27kgCO2/(m2·y), higher than other cities in China. So the potential for Shenyang to save energy and reduce carbon is considerable. The low carbon objective can be achieved through reducing the use of fossil energy, improving residents energy saving awareness in the use stage and enforcing energy efficiency policies and measures. Meanwhile, from the perspective of research methodology, the carbon emission of a building is regionally featured. For instance, electric carbon emission coefficient is substantially influenced by local energy structure; the distance between building material production and transportation in different places is different; the carbon emission caused by the energy consumption during the usage of the building is closely associated with local energy saving policies and regulations.
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