Among various desalination technologies, capacitive deionization (CDI) has rapidly developed because of its low energy consumption and environmental compatibility, among other factors. Traditional CDI stores ions within the electric double layers (EDLs) in the nanopores of the carbon electrode, but carbon anode oxidation, the co-ion expulsion effect, and a low salt adsorption capacity (SAC) block its further application. Herein, the Faradaic-based electrode is proposed to overcome the above limitations, offering an ultrahigh adsorption capacity and a rapid removal rate. In this paper, the open framework structure Na3V2(PO4)3@C is applied for the first time as a novel Faradaic electrode in the hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) system. During the adsorption and desorption process, sodium ions are intercalated/deintercalated through the crystal structure of Na3V2(PO4)3@C while chloride ions are physically trapped or released by the AC electrode. Different concentrations of feedwater are investigated, and a high SAC of 137.20 mg NaCl g–1 NVP@C and low energy consumption of 2.157 kg-NaCl kWh–1 are observed at a constant voltage of 1.0 V, a concentration of 100 mM, and a flow rate of 15 mL min–1. The outstanding performance of the Na3V2(PO4)3@C Faradaic electrode demonstrates that it is a promising material for desalination and that HCDI offers great future potential.

The performance of faradaic electrode materials in desalination, the removal of heavy metals, and ion separation is presented.

The recent advances in chloride‐ion capturing electrodes for capacitive deionization (CDI) are limited by the capacity, rate, and stability of desalination. This work introduces Ti3C2Tx/Ag synthesized via a facile oxidation‐reduction method and then uses it as an anode for chloride‐ion capture in CDI. Silver nanoparticles are formed successfully and uniformly distributed with the layered‐structure of Ti3C2Tx. All Ti3C2Tx/Ag samples are hydrophilic, which is beneficial for water desalination. Ti3C2Tx/Ag samples with a low charge transfer resistance exhibit both pseudocapacitive and battery behaviors. Herein, the Ti3C2Tx/Ag electrode with a reaction time of 3 h exhibits excellent desalination performance with a capacity of 135 mg Cl− g−1 at 20 mA g−1 in a 10 × 10−3 m NaCl solution. Furthermore, low energy consumption of 0.42 kWh kg−1 Cl− and a desalination rate of 1.5 mg Cl− g−1 min−1 at 50 mA g−1 is achieved. The Ti3C2Tx/Ag system exhibits fast rate capability, high desalination capacity, low energy consumption, and excellent cyclability, which can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between the battery and pseudocapacitive behaviors of the Ti3C2Tx/Ag hybrid material. This work provides fundamental insight into the coupling of battery and pseudocapacitive behaviors during Cl− capture for electrochemical desalination.

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This paper proposes an offline path planning method based on the Improved Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (IQPSO) algorithm for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in the underwater environment. The spherical modelling method is adopted to represent irregular underwater obstacles as spheres with a specified radius. Then, the IQPSO algorithm is developed to solve the problem of the limitations of the convergence and optimization ability of the traditional Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm and to identify the best path for AUVs. In this algorithm, to satisfy the three factors of path safety, path length and angle change of the path point, the fitness function is constructed to achieve multi-objective optimization. A smooth path is designed using the cubic spline interpolation algorithm. Different scenes or the same scene with different obstacles are designed to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The simulation results show that compared with PSO algorithm, QPSO algorithm, EGA algorithm and DENPSO algorithm, the path generated by IQPSO algorithm in various scenes is shorter, smoother and more stable. INDEX TERMS AUV, improved QPSO algorithm, multi-objective optimization, path planning.

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