In the pig eye, oxygen and glucose consumption in the outer retina are reduced in light compared to the consumption in the dark and most of the glucose consumed is metabolized to lactate both in light and in the dark. In the present study, in order to characterize the metabolism of glucose in the inner retina. Blood was collected from an artery and from a plexus on the optic nerve draining blood from the retina. Arteriovenous concentration differences for glucose, lactate and oxygen were determined. Observations were made in dark-adapted eyes and then after light adaptation. The consumption of oxygen and glucose and the lactate formation in the inner retina were calculated on the basis of these observations and recent data for retinal blood flow. In dark-adapted eyes, approx. 69% of the glucose was oxidized and approx. 20% was used in lactate formation. After 5-10 min of exposure to constant light, the levels of oxygen consumption and lactate formation were no different from those in darkness. The results indicate that lactate formation is a normal property of the pig inner retina, but that it is much less pronounced than in the outer part. The metabolism of the inner retina in constant light is similar to that in darkness. A comparison with data for the outer retina indicates that oxygen consumption in the inner retina in constant light is approx. 47% of that in the whole retina, while for glucose consumption and lactate production, the corresponding figures are approx. 12 and 8%, respectively.

Chronic IOP elevation causes significant ONH BF decreases in the EG model. The high correlation between the BF reduction measured by LSFG and the microsphere method provides evidence that the LSFG is capable of assaying BF for a critical deep ONH region.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that the sagittal position of the anterior teeth has no effect on pharyngeal airway dimension or hyoid bone position and to investigate the influence of orthodontic retraction of the anterior teeth on each section of pharynx and hyoid position. Materials and Methods: Forty-four Class I bimaxillary protrusion adults, treated with preadjusted appliances and maximum anchorage after extraction of four premolars, were divided into two groups according to their vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns. Pretreatment and posttreatment variables were compared using paired t-test, and the relationship between pharyngeal airway size and dentofacial variables was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. The changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid position after treatment were compared between two groups using independent t-test. Results: Upon retraction of the incisors, the upper and lower lips were retracted by 2.60 mm and 3.87 mm, respectively. The tip of upper incisor was retracted by 6.84 mm and lower incisor retracted by 4.95 mm. There was significant decrease in SPP-SPPW, U-MPW, TB-TPPW, V-LPW, VAL, C3H, and SH (P , .05). No statistically significant different changes were observed in the dentofacial structures, pharyngeal airway, and hyoid position between the two groups after the treatment. There was a significant correlation between the retraction distance of lower incisor and the airway behind the soft palate, uvula, and tongue. Conclusions: The pharyngeal airway size became narrower after the treatment. Extraction of four premolars with retraction of incisors did affect velopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and hyoid position in bimaxillary protrusive adult patients. (Angle Orthod. 2012;82:115-121.)

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The results demonstrated that intraretinal ganglion cell axons are predominantly varicose fibers in both human and nonhuman primates. Size variations exist within a single axon's diameter and thereby affect the patterns of diameter distribution seen in transverse-cut preparations. The mitochondria-rich varicosities and the presence of intercellular junctions suggest that the varicosities may be functional sites that serve local high-energy demands of unmyelinated fibers and signal transmission.

These results support the hypothesis that during the course of glaucomatous neurodegeneration, axonal cytoskeletal and retinal ganglion cell functional abnormalities exist before thinning of peripapillary RNFL axon bundles begins.

The onset of progressive loss of RNFL retardance occurs earlier than the onset of RNFL thinning. Endpoints of progressive loss from baseline also occurred more frequently and earlier for RNFL retardance as compared with RNFLT.

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