The Brazilian economy entered a deep recession in 2014, when the country’s GDP decreased, with negative consequences for the labour market. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of this recession on the country’s wage inequality, taking into account sex differences. The paper classifies employees in different groups considering occupational groups and the sectors of activities these workers belong to in order to verify who are the employees better inserted in the labour market and the ones who are in a more vulnerable situation, separating them by sex. The results show a high asymmetry and dispersion of wage distribution in Brazil. The economic recession of 2015-2016 reduced the country’s income inequality and the differences between men and women, because the share of workers with lower wages increased. However, wage differences in favour of men are still high, especially in occupations of high income and higher education requirements.
The aggregative and structural approaches are the main approaches used to investigate the US demand regime. They have reported mixed findings whereby the former tends to find profit-led results and the latter tends to find wage-led results. Blecker (2016) suggests that those conflicting findings can be explained, at least in part, by the different time dimensions captured by the two approaches. That is because the US economy tends to be profit-led in the short run and wage-led in the long run. This note discusses and extends Blecker's analysis. An alternative interpretation of the findings of studies using the structural approach is offered, suggesting that their conclusions rest on their handling of the short run. Specifically, the structural approach fails to find cointegration relations among integrated variables in most equations. That absence means it fails to pick up the stronger effect of the wage share on consumption in the long run, which is a key mechanism explaining different regimes across time horizons. The note concludes by briefly discussing other possible explanations for the conflicting results reported in the empirical literature.
Drawing from a questionnaire answered by 455 people during social distancing in Brazil, the chapter analyzes how individuals who worked remotely and those who did not cope with the increase in domestic and care work and how this extra work was divided in gender terms. The questionnaire indicates that the pandemic increased both domestic and care activities, with the former being more frequent for women and those under remote work. In general, this was not accompanied by a better division of these activities across sexes as women remained mainly responsible for them. Nevertheless, some improvements in the division of the domestic work were observed amongst those under remote work. However, when such a rebalance does not occur, remote work tends to be associated with an increase in women's overburdening.
Discutem a divisão sexual do trabalho na sociedade brasileira e as consequências do trabalho remoto para as mulheres. A partir de dados de um questionário respondido por 455 pessoas durante o distanciamento social no Brasil, entre 26 de maio e 15 de junho de 2020, verifica-se, diante do aumento do trabalho doméstico e de cuidados, como se deu a divisão entre os gêneros para aqueles que fizeram trabalho remoto (contrastando-os com aqueles que não realizaram esse tipo de trabalho).
Um dos principais efeitos da pandemia no mundo do trabalho foi a generalização do trabalho remoto, mesmo que este não seja necessariamente um fenômeno novo (ILO, 2020). De fato, ampla literatura já discute os efeitos do trabalho remoto sobre trabalhadores e, em especial, trabalhadoras (Huws et al., 1996; Lyttelton, Zang e Musick, no prelo). Trabalhar em casa pode aumentar o tempo total de trabalho pago e reprodutivo (não pago) das mulheres, e muitas vezes esses tempos de trabalho se interpõem. Com a generalização do trabalho remoto em função da pandemia, a ligação entre trabalho remoto, trabalho reprodutivo não remunerado e desigualdade de gênero torna-se ainda mais relevante, principalmente considerando que tais relações tendem a contribuir para o agravamento das diversas formas de desigualdades resultantes dos impactos econômicos e sociais da pandemia (Oliveira e Emídio, 2021). Nesse sentido, este texto tem como foco o impacto do trabalho remoto no Brasil durante o distanciamento social imposto pela pandemia de covid-19, sob uma perspectiva de gênero.O distanciamento social e o aumento do trabalho não remunerado relacionado ao trabalho remoto afetam uma sociedade já marcada por significativas desigualdades de gênero. As estatísticas nacionais mostram que, em 2019, as mulheres dedicavam 21,4 horas semanais em média ao trabalho reprodutivo não remunerado, enquanto os homens gastavam onze horas semanais (IBGE, 2020). Ser a principal responsável pelo trabalho reprodutivo traz numerosas e duradouras implicações para as mulheres, como a redução do tempo disponível para o trabalho remunerado
During the 2000s, Brazil accumulated a substantial amount of foreign reserves through foreign exchange market interventions undertaken by its Central Bank. Mainstream economics considers such interventions a restriction to monetary policy autonomy. This article analyses the relationship between monetary policy autonomy and exchange rate regimes theoretically and empirically for the Brazilian economy. We argue that the compensation principle, as a direct derivation of the endogenous money approach, is an alternative to both the trilemma and dilemma views in the mainstream perspective. Then, we provide empirical evidence in favour of the compensation principle in the Brazilian economy by verifying the exogeneity of the interest rate and estimating a vector error-correction model (VECM) that indicates that the foreign reserves do not have a long-term effect on the monetary base, while they present a significant and large effect on the repos account. In line with the compensation view, we conclude that in the 2000s, Brazil had more monetary policy autonomy than conventional approaches would have suggested.
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