The electrochemical oxidation of catechols was described and has shown that these compounds can be oxidized to related obenzoquinones. The electrochemically generated o-benzoquinones are quite reactive and can be attacked by a variety of nucleophiles under various mechanistic disciplines such as CE, EC, EC ' , ECE, ECEC, ECEC 2 , ECECE, ECECEC, ECECECE and trimerization, in which E represents an electron transfer at the electrode surface, and C represents a homogeneous chemical reaction. The mechanistic pathways and final products are depending on some parameters such as electron withdrawing or donating properties of nucleophile, electrolysis medium (solvent, acidity or pH) and nature of catechol.

Among various immobilizing materials, conductive polymer-based nanocomposites have been widely applied to fabricate the biosensors, because of their outstanding properties such as excellent electrocatalytic activity, high conductivity, and strong adsorptive ability compared to conventional conductive polymers. Electrochemical biosensors have played a significant role in delivering the diagnostic information and therapy monitoring in a rapid, simple, and low cost portable device. This paper reviews the recent developments in conductive polymer-based nanocomposites and their applications in electrochemical biosensors. The article starts with a general and concise comparison between the properties of conducting polymers and conducting polymer nanocomposites. Next, the current applications of conductive polymer-based nanocomposites of some important conducting polymers such as PANI, PPy, and PEDOT in enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors are overviewed. This review article covers an 8-year period beginning in 2010.

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