Microextraction of mebendazole across supported liquid membrane forced by pH gradient and electrical field

Use of voltammetry for in vitro equilibrium and transport studies of ionisable drugs

“…Gradually, the group improved the method by decreasing the voltage to values as low as 1 V DC [50] and developing an on-chip device for online UV-vis and HPLC detection of electrically extracted drugs [51]. While this method is suitable for quantitative extraction of molecules across the membrane and promising for quick analysis of complex samples, such as urine or blood [52][53][54], the relatively high applied voltage and absence of supporting electrolyte in the membrane present a problem for theoretical explanation of the ionised drug transfer. The fundamental understanding of electrochemically induced transfer across SLMs stems from electrochemistry at ITIES, as discussed in previous sections, and the connection between the two inspired researchers to extend the know-how to systems with two liquid|liquid interfaces, where a small voltage (usually below 500 mV DC) is applied.…”

Electromembrane Extraction from Biological Fluids

“…Several other publications have also addressed EME of different basic drugs, including amlodipine enantiomers, 20 mebendazole, 21 amphetamine, 22 methamphetamine, 22 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 22 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine, 22 methylbenzodioxolybutanamine, 22 levamisole, 23 lithium, 24 naltrexone, 19 and nalmefene. 19 In these applications either NPOE, 20,21 1-octanol, 24 NPOE mixed with DEHP, 19 or NPOE mixed with tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) 22,23 were used as SLM, and extractions were accomplished with voltages in the range 75 -250 V from acidic sample to acidic acceptor solution.…”

“…10,21 Typically, recoveries from sample volumes of 0.3 -3 ml samples are in the range of 55 -80%. Recoveries are dependent on the SLM and the polarity of the analyte, and analytes with log P values in the range of 2 -4 provide highest recoveries.…”

“…Enrichment in EME is highly dependent on the sample volume, but with 3 ml samples, enrichment factors of 108 -140 have been reported. 21 Thus, similar to HF-LPME, EME may be used as a very efficient preconcentration technique. Another very interesting feature of EME is the rapid extraction times; typically, the EME systems come to equilibrium after 5 to 7 min, with no further gain in recovery versus time (Fig.…”

“…18 Several of the developed EME methods have been validated, and have provided acceptable results from human plasma, whole blood, urine, saliva, and breast milk. 10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]28,31,32 Typically, the EME methods have provided linear calibration curves over 2 decades (r 2 > 0.99) 22,24 and with repeatability values in the range 2 -10% RSD. 22,24 One example of validation results are reported in Table 1 for naltrexone and nalmefene in human plasma and urine.…”