MYRICA RUBRA Sieb. et Zucc. leaves are commonly used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders in China. Present studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of myricetin from MYRICA RUBRA Sieb. et Zucc. leaves was evaluated with various IN VIVO models of both acute and chronic inflammations such as xylene-induced ear edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced paw edema, leukocyte migration assay, and cotton pellet granuloma models. Myricetin showed a significant inhibition on ear edema and hind paw edema caused by xylene and carrageenan, respectively. Furthermore, it also inhibited the increase in capillary permeability induced by the production of acetic acid in the human body. Myricetin significantly decreased the serum levels of MDA and, in turn, increased the serum levels of SOD in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Concurrently, myricetin also significantly decreased leukocyte count. During chronic inflammation, myricetin inhibited the formation of granuloma tissue. These results, collectively, demonstrate that myricetin possesses a potent anti-inflammatory function on acute and chronic inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory mechanisms are probably associated with the inhibition of antioxidant activity. These results also support the claims of traditional Chinese medicine practitioners about the use of MYRICA RUBRA Sieb. et Zucc. leaves in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Abstract:Using a data set on 29 Chinese provinces for the period , this paper establishes a threshold model to analyse the relationship between spillover effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and regional innovation in China. There is clear evidence of doublethreshold effects of regional innovation on productivity spillovers from FDI. Specifically, only when the level of regional innovation reaches the minimum innovation threshold will FDI in the region begin to produce positive productivity spillovers. Furthermore, positive productivity spillovers from FDI will be substantial only when the level of regional innovation attains a higher threshold. The double threshold divides Chinese provinces into three super-regions in terms of innovation, with most provinces positioned within the middle-level innovation super-region. Policy implications are discussed.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
This research investigated the job mobility of migrant workers based on a survey of migrant workers in six cities in eastern China. The high degree of job mobility noted among migrant workers was found to be associated with the use of “trial and error” method in their search for better jobs. Differences in the duration of migrants’ stay in the urban labor market and social integration in the destinations resulted in their varying capacity to obtain and analyze labor market information, which in turn, accounted for job changes. In view of the employers’ interest in maintaining low wages, the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers cannot be guaranteed under the current industrial, institutional, and social contexts. Under these circumstances, the job mobility of migrant workers reflects their aspirations to find better incomes and working conditions.
The crystallization of entangled polymer chains is studied by three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations using the bond fluctuation model. To simulate entanglement, a mobile chain is assumed to move in a frozen environment through fixed obstacles. Simulation indicates that the temperature scale can be divided into three regions. In region I, high supercooling, the crystallization rate is high while disentanglement rate is low. In region III, low supercooling, the crystallization rate is much lower compared with disentanglement. Both rates can match each other in region II. Simulation also shows different morphologies in different temperature regions. In the simulation, all chains are mobile, but entanglement may still exist due to a high concentration of monomers. A new layer of crystal is observed to form on the surface of the seed at higher temperature, while chains crystallize in situ without large-scale movement at lower temperature. In moderate temperature range, disentanglement could match crystallization, and the new layer of crystal could still form on the seed but with smaller thickness. By close observation, the new layer of crystal consists of more than one chain when crystallization forms at higher supercooling because the crystallization rate is high in this case; a new chain deposits on the seed and crystallizes before the completion of crystallization of the former attached chain.
OBJECTIVES: Deaths due to opioid over-dosage have increased over the last decade and now represent the most frequent cause of death due to poisoning. This study examined the temporal association between prescription opioid use between 2000 and 2005 and the number of opioid-poisoning deaths. METHODS: The number of annual opioid-poisoning deaths from 2000-05 was obtained from the National Vital Statistics System multiple causes of injury mortality files (Warner 2009). Data for annual prescription opioid use was obtained from a published study that reported opioid use from 2.7 to 3.8 million enrollees annually using the HealthCore Blue Cross and Blue Shield national commercial insurance plans (Sullivan 2008). The temporal relationship between several opioid use measures and the number of opioid deaths/year was studied using ordinary least square regression. RESULTS: The cumulative opioid dose among all recipients increased from 204 mgs morphine equivalents/enrollee/year to 371 mgs and among opioid users with a non-cancer pain diagnosis from 2473 mgs to 3406 mgs. During this period, the number of yearly opioid deaths increased from 4,419 in 2000 to 10,947 in 2005. There was a significant linear relationship between the cumulative yearly opioid dose/enrollee/year and the number of opioid-poisoning deaths (pϽ0.0001, R 2 ϭ0.98). A significant positive linear relationship was also observed between the number of annual opioid-related deaths and opioid use measures of cumulative yearly opioid dose (pϽ0.0001, R 2 ϭ0.98), opioid dose/prescription (pϭ0.0053, R 2 ϭ0.88) and mean days-supplied of opioids/year (pϽ0.0001, R 2 ϭ0.99). CONCLUSIONS: A strong linear relationship between opioid-poisoning deaths and several prescription opioid use measures suggests that the acquisition of prescribed opioids through legal channels is associated with the national opioid mortality rate. This calls for added vigilance on the part of prescribers and policy makers to ensure safe use of opioid analgesics. Further research is warranted to confirm these correlations.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
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