capacity of the modified oxide reaches 320 mAh g -1 in the initial cycle, 94.5% of which remains after 100 cycles. More importantly, the average discharge potential drops only by 136 mV in this process. Our findings illustrate the importance of inactivating the surface oxygen in suppressing the cation mixing in the bulk, providing an effective strategy for designing high-performance Li-rich cathode materials.

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Pencils and papers are ubiquitous in our society and have been widely used for writing and drawing, because they are easy to use, low-cost, widely accessible, and disposable. However, their applications in emerging skin-interfaced health monitoring and interventions are still not well explored. Herein, we report a variety of pencil–paper-based on-skin electronic devices, including biophysical (temperature, biopotential) sensors, sweat biochemical (pH, uric acid, glucose) sensors, thermal stimulators, and humidity energy harvesters. Among these devices, pencil-drawn graphite patterns (or combined with other compounds) serve as conductive traces and sensing electrodes, and office-copy papers work as flexible supporting substrates. The enabled devices can perform real-time, continuous, and high-fidelity monitoring of a range of vital biophysical and biochemical signals from human bodies, including skin temperatures, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, alpha, beta, and theta rhythms, instantaneous heart rates, respiratory rates, and sweat pH, uric acid, and glucose, as well as deliver programmed thermal stimulations. Notably, the qualities of recorded signals are comparable to those measured with conventional methods. Moreover, humidity energy harvesters are prepared by creating a gradient distribution of oxygen-containing groups on office-copy papers between pencil-drawn electrodes. One single-unit device (0.87 cm2) can generate a sustained voltage of up to 480 mV for over 2 h from ambient humidity. Furthermore, a self-powered on-skin iontophoretic transdermal drug-delivery system is developed as an on-skin chemical intervention example. In addition, pencil–paper-based antennas, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) circuits with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and batteries, reconfigurable assembly and biodegradable electronics (based on water-soluble papers) are explored.

We derive a robust a-posteriori error estimate for hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretizations of stationary convection-diffusion equations. We consider 1-irregular meshes consisting of parallelograms. The estimate yields global upper and lower bounds of the errors measured in terms of the natural energy norm associated with the diffusion and a semi-norm associated with the convection. The ratio of the constants in the upper and lower bounds is independent of the local mesh sizes and weakly depending on the local polynomial degrees. Moreover, it is also independent of the magnitude of the Péclet number of the problem, and hence the estimate is fully robust for convection-dominated problems. We apply our estimator as an energy norm error indicator in an hp-adaptive refinement algorithm and illustrate its practical performance in a series of numerical examples.

In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanowires have been synthesized by a thermal evaporation method. The morphology and microstructure of the IZO nanowires have been extensively investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The products in general contain several kinds of nanowires. In this work, a remarkable type of IZO zigzag nanowire with a periodical twinning structure has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HRTEM observation reveals that this type of IZO nanowire has an uncommonly observed zinc blend crystal structure. These nanowires, with a diameter about 100 nm, grow along the [111] direction with a well-defined twinning relationship and a well-coherent lattice across the boundary. In addition, an IZO nanodendrite structure was also observed in our work. A growth model based on the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism is proposed for interpreting the growth of zigzag nanowires in our work. Due to the heavy doping of In, the emission peak in photoluminescence spectra has red-shifted as well as broadened seriously.

Citation for published item:huD vF nd qiniD F nd roustonD F nd h¤ otzuD hF @PHIIA 9inergy norm posteriori error estimtion for hpEdptive disontinuous qlerkin methods for ellipti prolems in three dimensionsF9D wthemtil models nd methods in pplied sienesFD PI @HPAF ppF PTUEQHTF Further information on publisher's website: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. ENERGY NORM A-POSTERIORI ERROR ESTIMATION FOR HP -ADAPTIVE DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHODS FOR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS IN THREE DIMENSIONSLIANG ZHU * , STEFANO GIANI † , PAUL HOUSTON ‡ , AND DOMINIK SCHÖTZAU § Abstract. We develop the energy norm a-posteriori error estimation for hp-version discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretizations of elliptic boundary-value problems on 1-irregularly, isotropically refined affine hexahedral meshes in three dimensions. We derive a reliable and efficient indicator for the errors measured in terms of the natural energy norm. The ratio of the efficiency and reliability constants is independent of the local mesh sizes and weakly depending on the polynomial degrees. In our analysis we make use of an hp-version averaging operator in three dimensions, which we explicitly construct and analyze. We use our error indicator in an hp-adaptive refinement algorithm and illustrate its practical performance in a series of numerical examples. Our numerical results indicate that exponential rates of convergence are achieved for problems with smooth solutions, as well as for problems with isotropic corner singularities.1. Introduction. In this paper we develop the energy norm a-posteriori error estimation for hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretizations of the following model diffusion equation in three dimensions:

Citation for published item:qi niD tef no nd h¤ otz uD hominik nd huD vi ng @PHIRA 9en Eposteriori error estim te for hpE d ptive hq methods for onve tion!di'usion pro lems on nisotropi lly re(ned meshesF9D gomputers nd m them ti s with ppli tionsFD TU @RAF ppF VTWEVVUF Further information on publisher's website:httpXGGdxFdoiForgGIHFIHITGjF mw FPHIPFIHFHIS Publisher's copyright statement: NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Computers Mathematics with Applications. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be re ected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. AbstractWe prove an a-posteriori error estimate for hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin methods for the numerical solution of convection-diffusion equations on anisotropically refined rectangular elements. The estimate yields global upper and lower bounds of the errors measured in terms of a natural norm associated with diffusion and a semi-norm associated with convection. The anisotropy of the underlying meshes is incorporated in the upper bound through an alignment measure. We present a series of numerical experiments to test the feasibility of this approach within a fully automated hp-adaptive refinement algorithm.

We analyze the contributions of quality factor, fill fraction, and group index of chip-integrated resonance microcavity devices, to the detection limit for bulk chemical sensing and the minimum detectable biomolecule concentration in biosensing. We analyze the contributions from analyte absorbance, as well as from temperature and spectral noise. Slow light in two-dimensional photonic crystals provide opportunities for significant reduction of the detection limit below 1 Â 10 À7 RIU (refractive index unit) which can enable highly sensitive sensors in diverse application areas. We demonstrate experimentally detected concentration of 1 fM (67 fg/ml) for the binding between biotin and avidin, the lowest reported till date. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4875903]In recent years, various integrated optical devices have been developed for label-free bio-sensing such as ring resonators, 1 wire waveguides, 2 surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 3 and photonic crystal (PC) microcavities. [4][5][6] The detection principle is based on a change in the refractive index, and hence the transduced signal caused by the specific binding of the biomolecule of interest to its specific conjugate biomolecule receptor bound to the optical device substrate. The device sensitivity is determined by the magnitude of light-matter interaction.For early bio-pathogen detection, a sensor with highest sensitivity is desired. The sensitivity is measured by the magnitude of the resonance wavelength shift for a fixed concentration, as well as the minimum concentration that can be detected. Initial PC designs focused on donor defect modes such as in a L4 microcavity (4 missing holes) 7 or acceptor defect modes 8 as in H1 defect cavities, in a triangular lattice of air holes. Later, designs increased the analyte overlap with cavity modes, also referred as fill fraction, for enhanced sensitivity. 9 Recently, we showed that an increased cavity length results in an increase in the quality factor (Q-factor) of the resonance mode 10-12 that allows smaller changes in concentration to be distinguished. The high Q enhances the interaction time between the optical mode and the analyte while the larger mode volume results in larger fill fraction, both factors resulting in higher sensitivity We demonstrated experimentally in our side-coupled two-dimensional (2D) PC cavity-waveguide architecture that the magnitude of the slow-down factor in the coupling waveguide contributes to enhanced light-matter interaction. 11 Over successive generations, we demonstrated experimentally 50 fM (3.35 pg/ml) sensitivity to the detection of the specific binding of avidin to biotin 12 with a L55 type PC microcavity (55 missing holes).A question still remains about the relative merits of Q-factor, fill fraction, and group index, when considered in conjunction with different sources of noise in measurements, in order to achieve low detection limits in chip-integrated photonic sensors. While an increased modal overlap with the analyte lowers the detection limit...