This network analysis indicates that a range of interventions can significantly reduce myopia progression when compared with single vision spectacle lenses or placebo. In terms of refraction, atropine, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. In terms of axial length, atropine, orthokeratology, peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, pirenzepine, and progressive addition spectacle lenses were effective. The most effective interventions were pharmacologic, that is, muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and pirenzepine. Certain specially designed contact lenses, including orthokeratology and peripheral defocus modifying contact lenses, had moderate effects, whereas specially designed spectacle lenses showed minimal effect.

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PURPOSE. To investigate the retinal vascular network alterations in highly myopic eyes.METHODS. Thirty-three highly myopic eyes from 21 subjects and 47 mildly myopic or emmetropic eyes from 24 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to image the superficial, deep, and whole retinal vascular plexuses at the macular region. Highly myopic eye images were analyzed after adjusting the ocular magnification using Bennett's formula. Fractal analysis (box counting method, D box ) representing vessel density was performed in different annular and quadrantile zones of both large vessels and microvessels. Correlations between the vascular density, axial length, and spherical equivalent refractive error were analyzed. RESULTS.The average density (D box ) of the superficial retinal annular zone (0.6-2.5 mm) microvessels was 1.741 6 0.018 in highly myopic eyes and was shown to be significantly lower than that of the controls (1.773 6 0.010, P < 0.001). Individual annular zone (bandwidth of 0.16 mm) analysis of highly myopic eyes revealed a significant level of microvessel alteration in all zones compared with the same zones in control eyes (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the highly myopic group, the microvessel density was significantly correlated with axial length elongation in all three layers (r ¼ À0.38 to À0.48; P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS. This study reveals retinal microvascular network alterations in highly myopic eyes, which correlates with axial length elongation. Fractal analysis of the microvasculature by OCTA images may help to characterize the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved in high myopia.

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This network meta-analysis shows that there were no statistically significant differences in either visual outcomes (efficacy and safety) or visual quality (HOAs and CS). FS-LASIK behaved better in predictability than any other type of surgeries.

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Zn(2+) plays vital roles in regulating physiological and pathological processes. A number of diseases are associated with the disruption of intracellular free Zn(2+) homeostasis, and the relationship is still uncovered. Thus, it is important to monitor intracellular free Zn(2+) ions in real time, which is still challenging due to the low content of intracellular free Zn(2+). In this work, we report on the design and synthesis of a new two-photon (2P) fluorescent probe, QZn, based on quinoline derivative for intracellular free Zn(2+). Theoretical calculations were carried out to rationalize the design. The probe displayed a moderate 2P action cross section value of 51 GM at 820 nm and up to 10-fold fluorescence enhancement upon Zn(2+) binding. The detection limit of Zn(2+) was 15.1 pM, which presented a pronounced sensitivity toward Zn(2+) and indicated that QZn would be competent for detecting the low-content intracellular Zn(2+). By using two-photon microscopy, QZn was capable of monitoring the fluctuation of intracellular free zinc ions in real time.

PurposeTo investigate the factors affecting microvascular responses in the bulbar conjunctiva of habitual contact lens (HCL) wearers.MethodsA functional slit-lamp biomicroscope (FSLB) was used to image the temporal bulbar conjunctiva of habitual contact lens (HCL) wearers and non–contact lens (NCL) wearers. The vessel diameters and blood flow velocities (BFVs) were measured. Fractal analysis using Dbox as vessel density and D0 as vessel complexity were used to quantitatively analyze the microvascular network. One eye each of 91 NCL wearers and 75 HCL wearers was imaged.ResultsThe BFV of NCL wearers was 0.50 ± 0.14 mm/s, which was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.22, P < 0.05). The BFV, vessel diameter, Dbox, and D0 of HCL wearers was significantly higher than NCL wearers (P < 0.05). In these HCL wearers, BFVs were positively correlated with contact lens (CL) hours of wear per day and CL days of wear per week. BFV, Dbox, and D0 were not related to CL years of wear, CL power, CL base curve, and CL diameter (P > 0.05).ConclusionsVascular responses on the bulbar conjunctiva occurred in HCL wearers and appeared to be unrelated to sex or age, CL years of wear, and lens parameters, indicating that wearing a CL itself may be the predominant factor inducing these responses.