Exosome detection via the ultrafast-isolation system: EXODUS

Exosomes, which form a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are membrane-bound lipid nanovesicles with sizes typically in the Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-ofthe-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies. range of 30-150 nm. [1] They are secreted by almost all cells into diverse bio-fluids, including blood, urine, breast milk, saliva, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. [2] The discovery of exosomes dates back to the 1980s, but for many years after their discovery, they were regarded as "dust". [3,4] However, recent studies have shown that they play a crucial role in intercellular communication. [5,6] The biogenesis of exosomes includes double invagination of membranes, formation of intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the release of exosomes (Figure 1). The first invagination process (plasma-membrane budding) generates early-sorting endosomes (ESEs) that can develop into late-sorting endosomes (LSEs). The LSEs are invaginated once again to form MVBs containing intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). Finally, the MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane to release ILVs (exosomes). [7] After release, these exosomes are taken up by recipient cells via multiple processes, such as macropinocytosis, fusion with the cell membrane, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis. [8] The exosomes uptaken can act either at the surface of the recipient cells or deliver functional cargo in their bulk, thus affecting recipient-cell behavior. [9] Thus, exosomes play a key role in various physiological and pathological processes, including mammalian reproduction and development, immune responses, and disease progression. [10] Exosomes are reported to exhibit many excellent characteristics for clinical applications (Figure 2). 1) They can reflect the real-time state of the original cell, as they are actively secreted by living cells. 2) They are abundant in virtually all biological fluids (up to 10 10 vesicles per mL). [11] 3) Exosomes have enriched contents, including cell-surface substances and cytoplasmic constituents (including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites). Furthermore, exosomes can not only protect enzyme-sensitive cargos from degradation, but also ...

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Section: Sorting By Deterministic Lateral Displacement (Dld)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Holistic Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook

Ding

Yang

Gao

et al. 2021

Small

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“…It is of practical significance to upgrade the technology used for the separation and purification of exosomes. For example, Chen et al optimized the yield and purity of exosomes by using an ultrafast separation system (EXODUS), which was innovated by ultrafiltration ( 101 ). We suggest that the separation and purification of exosomes should achieve a high a standard as possible.…”

Section: Outlook and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

New Developments in Exosomal lncRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

Yuan

Huang

2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with lengths >200 nt and are involved in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Exosomes are secreted and produced by various cell types. Exosome contents include various ncRNAs, proteins and lipids. Exosomes are also important mediators of intercellular communication. The proportion of lncRNAs in exosomes is low, but increasing evidence suggests that exosomal lncRNAs play important roles in CVDs. We focused on research progress in exosomal lncRNAs in atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac angiogenesis, cardiac aging, rheumatic heart disease, and chronic kidney disease combined with CVD. The potential diagnostic and therapeutic effects of exosomal lncRNAs in CVDs are summarized based on preclinical studies involving animal and cell models and circulating exosomes in clinical patients. Finally, the challenges and possible prospects of exosomes and exosomal lncRNAs in clinical applications related to CVD are discussed.

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“…This improved exosome separation technology will allow to discover more exosomal diagnostic disease markers, to be exploited for early disease screening. 22…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 In addition, salivary exosomes can adapt to and participate in host humoral immunity, enhance immune resistance of tumor cells, evade the immune surveillance of NK cells, and promote tumor immune escape. 21,22 Salivary exosomes also have the ability to deliver P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which mediates mechanisms of drug-resistant metastasis, and enhances tumor resistance. 30 Thus, salivary exosomes create favorable conditions for tumor migration and invasion.…”

Section: Function Of Salivary Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role and Application of Salivary Exosomes in Malignant Neoplasms

Deng¹,

Cao²,

Wang³

et al. 2021

CMAR

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The study of salivary exosomes in malignant neoplasms has attracted widespread attention in the clinical setting. Although a variety of diagnostic and treatment approaches have been proposed, there are some limitations to their application. In recent years, the role of salivary exosomes in cancer has been increasingly studied. Salivary exosomes not only renew and regulate the biological behavior of tumor cells, such as malignant proliferation, migration, and invasion, but they also serve as ideal markers for early diagnosis of diseases and may represent an effective therapeutic target. This article reviews the current research on salivary exosomes in malignant neoplasms.

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Exosome detection via the ultrafast-isolation system: EXODUS

Cited by 174 publications

References 47 publications

A Holistic Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook

A Holistic Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art Microfluidics for Exosome Separation: An Overview of the Current Status, Existing Obstacles, and Future Outlook

New Developments in Exosomal lncRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

The Role and Application of Salivary Exosomes in Malignant Neoplasms

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