Marine bacteria produce natural pigments; however, the ability of marine bacterial symbionts to produce natural pigments has been less studied. Marine bacteria associated with soft-coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from Karimunjawa Island were successfully isolated and screened to synthesize the carotenoid pigments. This approach has allowed the use of these symbionts as an environmental friendly source of new natural pigments. Out of 33 bacterial isolates, only 4 bacterial symbionts (CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, CBSCP 1-1, and CBSCP 2-4), positively contain carotenoid pigments. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA method showed that bacterial symbionts CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, CBSCP 1-1, and CBSCP 2-4 were closely related to Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis, Pseudoalteromonas rubra, Virgibacillus salaries, and Pseudoalteromonas spongiae. Pigment analysis showed that the pigments have been categorized within the groups of carotenoid pigments. Antioxidant activity of pigment extracts was done by measuring inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of pigment extract against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) solution. The antioxidant activity measurement of CBSCP 1-1, CBSCP 2-2, CBSCP 2-3, and CBSCP 2-4 extract, and b-carotene was 2015, 5017, 2520, 4213, and 1980 mg l -1 , respectively.
Abstract. Kusmita L, Nuryadi H, Widyananto PA, Muchlissin S, Sabdono A, Trianto A, Radjasa OK. 2021. Bioactivity of carotenoid produced by soft coral symbiotic microorganisms from Panjang and Karimunjawa Island, Centra Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 732-740. The diversity of soft corals is more varied in waters. One of the characteristics of soft corals is the production of secondary metabolites, i. i.e. carotenoids. Carotenoids are phytonutrients found in the cells of a wide variety of plants, algae, and bacteria as secondary metabolic compounds with antioxidant functions. Carotenoid biosynthesis is strongly influenced by the environment in which the producing organism grows. This study was aimed to uncover the antioxidant and anti-ultraviolet activities of carotenoids produced by soft coral symbiotic microorganisms in the waters surrounding the Panjang and Karimunjawa Islands in the North Java Sea, Indonesia. The parameters observed included water quality, antioxidant activity, and anti-ultraviolet activity. The results indicated that the water quality at Panjang Island did not meet quality standards (including salinity, visibility, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrate) while that at Karimunjawa did. The diversity of soft corals was more varied at Karimunjawa Island than at Panjang Island. In contrast to the bioactivity, the carotenoid extracts from the Panjang Island soft coral symbiotic microorganisms showed higher activity than those from Karimunjawa Island microorganisms. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the bacterial isolate 19.PP.Sc1.6 from Panjang Island and was identified based on the 16S rRNA gene as Virgibacillus salarius, with 99% similarity.
Objective
Cisplatin is a conventional anticancer drug that generates reactive oxygen species and causes apoptosis. However, many cancer cells develop alterations in the ATP binding cassette transporter responsible for the uptake and efflux process, which leads to resistance. Many natural products have shown potential to compete with ATP binding cassette transporter and may sensitize resistant cells to cisplatin. Studies have shown pro-oxidant effect of carotenoids that promote apoptosis of cancer cells. Bixin and fucoxanthin are well-known carotenoids with known antioxidant properties, however their bioactivity in lung cancer cells, clinically known to develop resistance due to ATP binding cassette transporter, has been minimally studied. This study is the first to investigate the potential of bixin and fucoxanthin to sensitize human lung cancer cell line, A549 and cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, to cisplatin. Drug combination method developed by Chou and Talalay theorem was employed.
Result
Employing the best combination ratio, this study shows selective sensitization of cancer cells to cisplatin after bixin and fucoxanthin treatment. Further study on the mechanism of action in specific types of cancer cells is warranted. It may improve cisplatin sensitivity in tumors and rational use of cancer drugs.
Graphical Abstract
The presented study aimed to characterize the content, biological activity and formulation of extracts prepared from dried Stevia rebaudiana Bert leaves. Stevia rebaudiana Bert is the leaves that have antioxidant activity. The leaves, stems and flowers of stevia contain a complex mixture of sweet diterpene glycosides, including isosteviol, stevioside, rebaudioside (A, B, C, D, E, and F), steviolbioside and dulcoside A. In addition to glycosides, the leaves of stevia also contain other phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, proteins, and vitamins. These compounds can prevent and retain free radicals substitution, which can cause aging and chronic diseases. The extract obtained was filtered and evaporated — determination of total phenolics and total flavonoid using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant potential of this extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In the DPPH radical-scavenging activities, the extract had the antioxidant activity (IC50 = 48.18 μg / ml). The results showed that these extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bert could be considered as natural antioxidants. The evaluation of the formulated cream showed good results and can be good potential for cosmetic product development.
AbstrakMikroba penghasil antibiotik dapat berupa fungi maupun bakteri yang bersimbiosis pada organisme lain. Bakteri simbion karang lunak merupakan mikroorganisme penghasil pigmen karotenoid yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibiotik dengan mekanisme kerja berikatan dengan porin (protein transmembran) membentuk ikatan polimer yang kuat sehingga mengakibatkan rusaknya porin. Bakteri dapat menyebabkan infeksi apabila imunitas seseorang mulai menurun dan melakukan replikasi dalam jumlah abnormal seperti Eschericia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dalam keadaan abnormal diantaranya adalah infeksi folikel (akar) rambut dan kelenjar keringat, bisul, infeksi pada luka, meningitis, serta pneumonia. Pigmen karotenoid yang dihasilkan dari bakteri simbion mampu menghambat Eschericia coli dengan zona hambat sebesar 11,36 mm. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak pigmen karotenoid dari bakteri simbion karang lunak Sarcophyton sp. terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 pada konsentrasi 0,5 % b/v, 0,75 % b/v, dan 1 % b/v dengan metode difusi agar dengan teknik perforasi. Bakteri yang menghasilkan pigmen karotenoid dibiakkan dan diidentifikasi dengan mengisolasi DNA untuk dilakukan PCR dan mensequen hasilnya. Identifikasi pigmen dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer visible dengan rentang 350 -800 nm. Hasil identifikasi pigmen menunjukkan bahwa pigmen yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri simbion dari karang lunak Sarcophyton sp adalah karotenoid yaitu pada rentang 300 -600 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri dengan rata -rata diameter zona hambat pada konsentrasi 0,5 % b/v sebesar 6,78 mm, konsentrasi 0,75 % b/v sebesar 9,78 mm, konsentrasi 1 % b/v sebesar 14,16 mm serta diameter zona hambat kontrol pembanding amoksisilin trihidrat sebesar 18,75 mm.
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