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Single-atom-site catalysts (SASCs) featuring maximized atom utilization and isolated active sites have progressed tremendously in recent years as a highly prosperous branch of catalysis research. Varieties of SASCs have been developed that show excellent performance in many catalytic applications. The major goal of SASC research is to establish feasible synthetic strategies for the preparation of high-performance catalysts, to achieve an in-depth understanding of the active-site structures and catalytic mechanisms, and to develop practical catalysts with industrial value. This Perspective describes the up-to-date development of SASCs and related catalysts, such as dual-atom-site catalysts (DASCs) and nano-single-atom-site catalysts (NSASCs), analyzes the current challenges encountered by these catalysts for industrial applications, and proposes their possible future development path.

Background Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are critical substrates for intestinal microbes; the subsequent production of SCFAs may have some potential benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objectives We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of higher compared with lower MAC intakes on cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM patients and performed an umbrella review of RCTs to evaluate the evidence quality concerning existing dietary T2DM interventions. Methods Publications were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL. In the meta-analysis, random-effects models were used to calculate pooled estimates, and sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, subgroup analyses, and Egger's test were performed. For the umbrella review, we summarized pooled estimates, 95% CIs, heterogeneity, and publication bias. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and modified NutriGrade were used to assess the quality of evidence in the meta-analysis and umbrella review, respectively. Results Forty-five RCTs with 1995 participants were included in the meta-analysis. High MAC intake significantly reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (weighted mean difference [WMD] –0.436% [–0.556, –0.315]), fasting glucose (WMD –0.835 mmol/L [–1.048, –0.622]), total cholesterol (WMD –0.293 mmol/L [–0.397, –0.190]), triglycerides (WMD –0.118 mmol/L [–0.308, –0.058]), BMI (WMD –0.476 [–0.641, –0.312]), and systolic blood pressure (WMD –3.066 mmHg [–5.653, –0.478]), with a moderate-to-high quality of evidence, compared with low intake. Region, dose, and MAC type were key variables. The umbrella review of all dietary interventions for cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2DM included 26 meta-analyses with 158 pooled estimates. The evidence quality of MACs, dietary fiber, high-protein diet, ω-3 (n–3), viscous fiber, vitamin D, and vitamin E intake was moderate to high. Conclusions When compared with lower intake, increased MAC intake improved glycemic control, blood lipid, body weight, and inflammatory markers for people with T2DM. This trial was registered at PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails) as CRD42019120531.

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A class of discrete probability distributions contains distributions with limited support, i.e. possible argument values are limited to a set of numbers (typically consecutive). Examples of such data are results from subjective experiments utilizing the Absolute Category Rating (ACR) technique, where possible answersAn interesting subclass of those distributions are distributions limited to two parameters: describing the mean value and the spread of the answers, and having no more than one change in the probability monotonicity. In this paper we propose a general distribution passing those limitations called Generalized Score Distribution (GSD). The proposed GSD covers all spreads of the answers, from very small, given by the Bernoulli distribution, to the maximum given by a Beta Binomial distribution. We also show that GSD correctly describes subjective experiments scores from video quality evaluations with probability of 99.7%. A Google Collaboratory website with implementation of the GSD estimation, simulation, and visualization is provided.

Heterogeneous catalysis is an important class of reactions in the industrial production, especially in green chemicals synthesis, environmental, and organic catalysis. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as promising candidates for...