A two-phase study of 123 patients with either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease indicates a similarly high incidence of emotional disturbance and life crises prior to the illness onset in both somatic diseases. There are no significant differences between patients with the two diseases in a large number of demographic, psychosocial, personality, behavioral, psychiatric, and physical disease characteristics. In both syndromes, more severe emotional disturbance is associated with more severe demonstrable physical disease. The findings support the theory that these two somatic processes represent ends of a spectrum of biological response to similar psychosocial and personality factors. This study also indicates the need for early identification and treatment of emotional disturbance in both groups of patients, for which the Cornell Medical Index is a useful screening device.The clinical impression of an association between inflammatory disease of the lower intestinal tract and emotional disturbance has generated a great deal of research since Murray's original study, which suggested "psychogenic factors" in the etiology of "ulcerative colitis" (1). Most of this research, though not all, has supported the importance of psychological factors in the etiology and course of inflammatory bowel From the
Demand for aesthetic plastic surgical procedures is expected to continue to grow, while depending on the economic performance at the macro level and changing demographic dynamics of the U.S. population. Considering all investigated factors and trends among all patients, the most commonly requested procedures by 2030 are likely to be (1) breast augmentations, (2) lipoplasties, and (3) blepharoplasties.
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