Objective: To analyse the trend of social inequality in food consumption among Brazilians from 2008 to 2019. Design: Time series analyses using cross-sectional annual data from the Telephone Surveillance System (VIGITEL 2008–2019). Food consumption was evaluated through: (1) consumption of five or more portions of fruits and vegetables in ≥5 d/week; (2) consumption of beans in ≥5 d/week and (3) consumption of soft drinks or artificial juices in ≥5 d/week. Absolute inequality was assessed by the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative inequality by the concentration index (CIX). SII and CIX positive values indicate higher prevalence among more educated citizens and negative among less educated ones. Time trend was assessed by linear regression using weighted least squares. Setting: 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District. Participants: 621 689 individuals ≥18 years. Results: Fruits and vegetable consumption was more prevalent among the more educated citizens, while beans were mostly consumed by the less educated, and soft drinks or artificial juices was more prevalent among individuals with intermediate education. The highest absolute inequality was found for beans (SII2019 -25·9). In 12 years, the absolute inequality increased for fruit and vegetable consumption (from SII2008 12·8 to SII2019 16·2), remained for beans (SII2008 -23·1 to SII2019 -25·9) and reduced for soft drinks or artificial juices (SII2008 8·7 to SII2019 0·4). Relative inequality was low and constant. Conclusion: Despite the advances reducing inequalities in soft drinks or artificial juice consumption, the increase in the social gap for adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables is troublesome.

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Previous studies have assessed the association between food consumption and bullying perpetration, but most of them have not broadly assessed food consumption, neither the distinction between forms of bullying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns with bullying roles and its different types of bullying perpetration among adolescents. Data on a representative sample of ninth-grade students ( N = 2,163; mean age = 14.8 years) taken from Sao Paulo Project for the social development of children and adolescents (SP-PROSO) were used. The independent variables were healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns obtained by exploratory factor analysis. The dependent variables were bullying role (victim-only, bully-only, bully-victim) and bullying perpetration (any type, social exclusion, psychological/verbal aggression, physical aggression, property destruction, sexual harassment). Multinomial and logistic regression models were performed for the total sample and stratified by sex (only for association with sexual harassment), adjusting for covariates. Adolescents who engaged in a healthy dietary pattern were less likely to be bullies (RR 0.67 [0.49, 0.92]), while adolescents with an unhealthy dietary pattern were more likely to be bully-victims (RR 1.29 [1.12, 1.48]). Unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with any type of bullying perpetration ( OR 1.24 [1.12, 1.38]), mainly with sexual harassment and physical aggression. Boys who had an unhealthy dietary pattern were more likely to sexually harass another adolescent ( OR 2.10 [1.20, 3.66]). In conclusion, adolescents who had a healthy dietary pattern were less likely to perpetrate bullying. Unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with bullying perpetration, especially with sexual harassment by boys.

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The role of contextual-level factors in bullying is still not clear, and evidence is mostly from high-income countries. Our objective was to investigate the association between community violence, disorder, school environment and bullying among school adolescents. We used data from a representative sample of 9th grade Brazilian adolescents ( n = 2108) from the Sao Paulo Project for the social development of children and adolescents (SP - PROSO). Multilevel logistic regression models stratified by sex were used to assess the association between variables at student and school/neighbourhood level and bullying victimization or perpetration. For both sexes, we found that adolescents who perceived high violence between students and high school disorder were more likely to be bullies and victims. Boys who perceived high community violence and disorder in their neighbourhood were more likely to be bullies (OR3tertile = 2.73 CI95%: 1.57–4.74). Girls attending schools where the principal reported high community violence and disorder in the neighbourhood (ORhigh = 10.24 CI95%: 2.11–49.59) and inside the school (ORhigh = 6.83 CI95%: 1.48–31.56) were more likely to be bullies. Boys from schools whose principal perceived violence between students were less likely to be victims (ORhigh = 0.35 CI95%: 0.16–0.78) and bullies (ORhigh = 0.21 CI95%: 0.07–0.64). Girls attending schools with signs or posters about tolerance/gender equality and about violence were less (OR = 0.12 CI95%: 0.03–0.50) and more likely (OR = 25.88 CI95%: 4.28–156.63) to report being bullies, respectively. Community violence, disorder and school environment were associated with bullying victimization and perpetration among adolescents. Sex-specific associations should be further investigated. Prevention and management of school violence in adolescence should consider contextual-level characteristics.

Delinear o perfil epidemiológico das hepatites A, B e C, em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, no período de 2011 a 2020, e propor intervenções para prevenir e reduzir os casos. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico transversal descritivo, com análise quantitativa de casos de hepatites virais de Juiz de Fora, obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa para subsidiar o desenvolvimento das propostas de intervenção. Após o levantamento, observou-se predominância do sexo masculino em todas as hepatites e da hepatite C, com 78,8% dos casos. Evidenciou-se predominância de transmissão via alimentos contaminados para a hepatite A, com 74,29% dos casos, e das vias brancas e ignoradas para as hepatites B e C, seguidas pela via sexual, com 21,38%, e transfusional, com 20,75%, respectivamente. Após revisão integrativa, foram obtidos sete artigos sobre vacinação e abordagens educacionais. Evidenciando-se a alta incidência de hepatites virais em Juiz de Fora, é relevante aplicar intervenções envolvendo vacinação, ações educativas em saúde e a capacitação de profissionais da Saúde, com o intuito de prevenir e reduzir os casos dessas doenças no município.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre características de supervisão parental e diferentes papéis de bullying entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. Realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis, conhecimento sobre o tempo livre e verificação dos deveres de casa foram as práticas parentais avaliadas. Utilizou-se regressão logística para associação entre essas práticas e bullying (perpetração e vitimização), apresentada como razão de odds (RO) e intervalos de confianças de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre 102.072 escolares, a realização frequente de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis [ROvitim = 0,86 (IC95% 0,84;0,89); ROperp = 0,85 (IC95% 0,82;0,88)], a verificação dos deveres de casa [ROvitim = 0,95 (IC95% 0,92;0,97); ROperp= 0,76 (IC95% 0,74;0,78)] e o conhecimento dos pais ou responsáveis sobre o tempo livre dos escolares [ROperp = 0,70 (IC95% 0,68;0,73)] foram inversamente associadas ao bullying. Conclusão: Maior supervisão parental reduziu a chance de vitimização e perpetração do bullying entre adolescentes escolares.

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