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Bottom ash (BA) is a waste categorized as B3, so the disposal process requires special handling and costs. The use of coal as fuel which is increasing in various industries, especially the textile industry, has caused BA generation to be an interesting issue to study. On the other hand, economic activities and production in the urban area leaves problems in the form of municipal solid waste (MSW). This paper aims to utilize both of two wastes to become a fuel product as well as being one of the solutions to environmental problems. The method used in this study is the manufacture of briquettes made from BA and fermented of MSW called Biomass Coal Fermented (BCF) briquettes. Briquette printing uses starch adhesive. The formulation used is 60% BA and 40% MSW. The briquette product then is tested in the boiler-1 of textile industry with a fluidized bed type where the BA produced. The results showed that with a 10% substitution of briquettes on the use of coal, combustion efficiency increased by 48%. The results of air emission measurements show values below the air quality standard for particulates, SO2, and NO2. And when compared to boiler-2 without substitution (100% using the same coal) there was an increase in particulate matter and NO2 respectively by 28% and 2%. But there was a decrease in SO2 value as much as 67%. From the results of this temporary trial, the potential of BCF briquettes can be an alternative fuel in the industry while it could reduce the generating BA and MSW.

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Coal bottom ash was included in Hazardous and Toxic Waste (LB3), which requires seriously manage not to warm the environment and humans health. LB3 management becomes an obligation for the industry which producing it and being a burden in itself due to the project of waste utilization often regarded as the high-cost investment projects or less profitable. This study aims to conduct an economic assessment of pilot-scale projects to reuse bottom ash to support the clean industry strategy. The study mixed coal bottom ash with biomass from municipalities solid waste (MSW), called bio-coal fuel. These raw materials were combined with a composition 60%:40% weight (bottom ash: biomass) to be briquette form by adding amylum as a binder. This study used the benefit-cost analysis approach to assess economic feasibility. Tree indicators used in this study were net benefit-cost ratio, payback period, and return on investment. These indicators provided the company policy to continue or stop this project. The finding study showed that the company got a payback period and the net benefit from the ninth year. The company also achieved a net B/C ratio was more than one, and ROI was 1.09 times in the ninth year. The other beneficiaries acquired by the company was included external costs, such as risks from commitment failure by third parties in coal waste management, costs rising risk of purchasing coal, and given a positive value for providing employment.

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Aim: This paper aims to explain the added value increasing method of reject coal which has not utilized by the company. Methodology and Results: The method to increase added value in this study used the agglomeration process of briquettes form that changing composition by adding biomass. The biomass functions to minimize bottom ash produced from burning briquettes so that the briquettes burn entirely. Stages processes in this study consist of characterization, briquetting, physical test, and chemical test. Based on the analysis, reject coal still has a high calorific value of 5,929 cal/gr. Shapes and sizes that were not following needs of coal market or consumer due to reject coal to be a waste. Briquettes have been successfully produced and meet specification requirements based on applicable regulations in Indonesia. Besides physical properties, the briquette meet density requirements which are greater than or equal to 1 gr/cm3 and shatter index value is less than 0.5%. The gas emission test shows below threshold, which is CO 0-30 ppm, H2S 0-3.6 ppm, and NOx is not detected. After evaluation, it showed that by adding 30% biomass, ignition time could be decreased and remaining unburned briquettes or bottom ash was reduced as much as 68.68%. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The bio-coal briquettes is a strategic solution to environmental problems and alternative energy sources that are environmentally friendly, because CO and H2S emissions are still below the threshold, even for NOx not detected. Making Bio-coal briquettes as a solution to the utilization of reject coal mining waste to be used as an alternative energy source has been successfully carried out.

Indonesia memiliki kelimpahan zeolit yang berpotensi dapat dikembangkan  sebagai zeolit yang berderajat farmasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan zeolit olahan dengan karakteristik yang cocok sebagai bahan baku farmasi. Zeolit alam diproses dengan cara pencucian menggunakan masing-masing larutan HCl, aquabidest, dan EDTA lalu diikuti dengan pemanasan pada 350 °C. Sebelum dan sesudah pengolahan sampel zeolit dikarakterisasi menggunakan berbagai metode instrumental. Selanjutnya, zeolit olahan diuji kemampuannya untuk menjerap parasetamol dan timbal. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa komposisi sampel zeolit > 91% berjenis klinoptilolit dengan kandungan utama unsur Si, Al dan K. Setelah pencucian dengan larutan HCl 1 M, EDTA 0,1 M dan aquabidest, kadar As dalam masing-masing sampel zeolit 4,12 ± 0,75 ppm, < 0,1 ppm dan 11,8 ± 0,56 ppm dan kadar Pb untuk seluruh sampel < 1 ppm, sedangkan Cd dari semua sampel < 1 ppm. Tidak ada perubahan struktur dalam sampel zeolit yang teramati setelah proses pencucian dan pemanasan. Zeolit yang dicuci dengan larutan EDTA mampu menjerap Pb dalam cairan lambung buatan tanpa pepsin secara efektif dengan penurunan kadar hingga 89% namun tidak mampu menjerap parasetamol secara efektif. Disimpulkan bahwa hasil proses zeolit menunjukkan karakteristik yang cocok sebagai kandidat bahan baku farmasi. Zeolit yang diberi perlakuan dengan EDTA mampu menjerap Pb secara efektif sehingga berpeluang digunakan sebagai antidot lokal dalam kasus keracunan Pb akut.Kata kunci: zeolit, klinoptilolit, logam berat. CHARACTERIZATION AND PURIFICATION OF NATURAL LAMPUNG ZEOLITE AS A CANDIDATE OF ANTIDOTE OF LEAD INTOXICATIONABSTRACTIndonesia has the abundance potential of zeolites having possibility to be developed as pharmaceutical grade zeolites. This research aimed to obtain processed zeolite showing suitable characteristics as pharmaceutical ingredient. Natural zeolite was processed by means of washing using dilute HCl, aquabidest and EDTA solutions, respectively and subsequently followed by heating at 350 oC. Prior and after processing, the zeolite samples were characterized using various instrumental methods. Furthermore, the processed zeolite was tested for its ability to adsorb paracetamol and lead. The analysis results confirmed that the composition of zeolite samples were > 91% of clinoptilolite mainly composed of Si, Al and K. After washing with 1 M HCl, 0.1 M EDTA and aquabidest, the level of As in each of zeolite samples were 4.12 ± 0.75 ppm, < 0.1 ppm and 11.8 ± 0.56 ppm and those of Pb were all < 1 ppm, while those of Cd from all samples were < 1 ppm, respectively. No structural changes in zeolite samples were observed after washing and heating treatment. EDTA treated zeolite was able to adsorb Pb in artificial gastric fluid without pepsin effectively up to 89% reduction but failed to adsorb paracetamol effectively. It was concluded that processed natural zeolite was suitable as a pharmaceutical ingredient. EDTA-treated zeolite was able to adsorb Pb effectively and hence could be possibly applied as local antidote in the case of acute Pb intoxication.Keywords: zeolite, clinoptilolite, heavy metals.