The introduction of low detection limit ion selective electrodes (ISEs) may well pave the way for the determination of trace targets of cationic compounds. This research focuses on the detection of titanium (III) cation using a new PVC-membrane sensor based on synthesized tris(2pyridyl) methylamine (tpm) ionophore. The application and validation of the proposed sensor was done using potentiometric titration, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The membrane sensor exhibited a Nernstian response to the titanium (III) cation over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−2 M and pH range from 1–2.5. The Nernstian slope, the lower of detection (LOD), and the response time (t95%) of the proposed sensor were 29.17 ± 0.24 mV/dec, 7.9 × 10−7 M, and 20 s, respectively. The direct determination of 4–39 μg/ml of titanium (III) standard solution showed an average recovery of 94.60 and a mean relative standard deviation of 1.8 at 100.0 μg/ml. Finally, the utilization of the electrodes as end-point indicators for potentiometric titration with EDTA solutions for titanium (III) sensor was successfully carried out.

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Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are considered persistent bioaccumulative toxicants with a number of continuing issues in the fields of ecotoxicology and bioassay. In spite of the great need to monitor these compounds, the only analytical technique with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity for determination of DLCs is a combination of high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.However, these methods require aseptic techniques, long incubation times, and sophisticated technical expertise for getting accurate results. Nowadays, biological techniques such as biomarkers, bioassays, enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), or other methods have been greatly developed as more sensitive, costeffective and rapid techniques to determine the presence of DLCs in trace levels of environmental and biological samples. The main aim of this study is to review the latest analytical and bioanalytical detection methods (BDMs) for diagnosis and monitoring of DLCs. Likewise, this work characterizes the latest techniques and trends based on their application, advantages and shortcomings for the various BDMs and their differences are also noted.