Zusammenfassung Arbeitsmarktreformen der jüngeren Zeit hatten länderübergrei-fend eine höhere Erwerbsbeteiligung Alleinerziehender zum Ziel, um ihre überpro-portional hohen Armuts-und Sozialhilfequoten zu verringern. Die hier präsentierten Befunde belegen jedoch eine partielle Entkoppelung von Erwerbsarbeit und materieller Sicherheit: Zwar stieg die Erwerbsbeteiligung Alleinerziehender im Fünfjah-reszeitraum vor Beginn der Finanz-und Wirtschaftskrise an, zugleich stagnierte ihr Armutsrisiko jedoch oder nahm sogar zu. Dies gilt über verschiedene Typen von Geschlechterregimen hinweg, wie der Ländervergleich zwischen Deutschland, Frankreich, Schweden und dem Vereinigten Königreich zeigt. Der potenziell armutsverringernde Effekt einer zunehmenden Erwerbsbeteiligung wird offenbar durch gegenläufige Trends verringert. Sinkende Markteinkommen und sinkende Sozialtransfers eignen sich mit unterschiedlicher Gewichtung in den vier Ländern zur Erklärung. Darüber hinaus kommen mit der Modernisierung der Geschlechterrollen und dem Verlust ihrer Avantgarde-Rolle als erwerbstätige Mütter die latenten materiellen Risiken des Alleinerziehens voll zum Tragen. Darauf sind Länder mit sehr unterschiedlichen institutionellen und ökonomischen Kontexten noch nicht hinreichend eingestellt.Schlüsselwörter Alleinerziehende · Aktivierung · Working poor · Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern · Geschlechterregime 344 K. Jaehrling et al. AbstractLabour market reforms implemented in recent years in a number of countries have aimed to increase participation rates among single parents in order to reduce the disproportionately high poverty rate and share of benefit recipients among them. However, our quantitative analyses based on EU-LFS and EU-SILC indicate that paid work has to some extent become dissociated from material security. Although participation rates among single parents rose in the five years before the financial and economic crisis, their risk of being in poverty remained the same or actually increased. This finding holds true for different types of welfare state, as the comparison between Germany, France, Sweden and the UK shows. The potential poverty-reducing effects of increasing labour market participation are clearly being weakened by certain counter-trends. Possible explanations, which apply to varying extents in the four countries, are declining market wages and reductions in social transfers. Moreover, previously latent material risks of lone parenting unfold with the modernisation of gender roles and the erosion of lone mothers 'avant-garde' role as working parents. This is a common challenge across countries which has so far not been addressed sufficiently by social and labour market policies.
The effects of the minimum wage regulations on commercial laundry services Abstract The statutory minimum wage regulation for industrial laundries affects laundries which achieve more than 80 % of their turnover with commercial clients. The impact could only be explored by descriptive analysis and qualitative research (company survey, company case studies and expert interviews) which is mainly due to a severe lack of data. The findings of the evaluation suggest that the minimum wages have had a remarkable impact on wages. About one third of the industrial laundries which are principally covered by the minimum wage regulation (and even two thirds in eastern Germany) had to increase wages after the implementation of the minimum wages. More than 31 % of these companies increased the wages of employees in higher pay levels as well. Effects of the minimum wage regulation on employment and competition could not be detected. In company case studies, we found that other factors are assessed as more relevant for competition. The representative company survey among laundries indicated that there is a twilight zone relating to the area of application of the minimum wage regulation. Some companies assessed that they had to pay the minimum wages even though their turnover 280 L. Mesaros, C. Weinkopf with commercial clients was at or below 80 %. Other companies with more than 80 % turnover with commercial clients did not regard themselves as being covered by the minimum wage regulation. These uncertainties may be related to ambiguous criteria of classification or a lack of information. Difficulties with the classification which may hamper the identification of non-compliance were also mentioned by the control authorities.
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