It is important to understand the interplay between stock market and real economy to figure out the various channels through which financial markets drive economic growth. In the current study we investigate this relationship for Chinese economy, the fastest growing and largest emerging economy in the world. Using the methodology of unit root testing in the presence of structural breaks and using an ARDL model, we find that Global Financial Crises had a significant impact on both China's real sector and financial sector. Our findings also suggest that Shanghai A share market has a long run negative association with the real sector of the economy, however the magnitude of impact is tiny and can be ignored. We conjecture that this negative relationship is the proof of so called existence of irrational prosperity on the stock market and the bubbles in China's financial sector. We do not find any evidence of a relationship between stock market and real economy in the short run. Toda Yamamoto causality test supports the demand-driven hypothesis that economic growth spurs development of stock markets for China's B share market.

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Theoretically, it is well argued that environmental factors affect the growth of the tourism industry; however, from an empirical perspective, some gaps still exist in the literature. We empirically examine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions on tourist arrivals in a panel of G20 countries. Using annual data from 1995 to 2014 and a series of panel data models, our results suggest that the growth of both CO2 and PM2.5 emissions adversely affects international tourist arrivals. The results also show that the observed effect of CO2 emissions is more pronounced in developed economies, while the effect of PM2.5 emissions is stronger for developing economies. Given these findings, our study provides and discusses a number of policy and practical implications.

It is often assumed that transfers received from government, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), friends, and relatives help rural households to pool risk. In this article I investigate two functions of transfers in Ethiopia: risk pooling and income redistribution. Unlike most of the literature, this article investigates not only whether but also how much risk pooling is achieved. I find evidence that transfers from government/NGOs play a role in insuring covariant income shocks and evidence that transfers from both government/NGOs and friends/relatives redistribute income. However, the contributions of these transfers to risk pooling and income redistribution are economically very limited. Moreover, transfers from friends/relatives do not play a role in risk sharing. Although transfers only play a minor role in risk pooling, households in the study villages are found to be able to insure most of their idiosyncratic income shocks and part of their covariant income shocks. (c) 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved..