We demonstrate in examples that the covariant retarded Green's functions in electromagnetism and linearized gravity work as expected in de Sitter spacetime. We first clarify how retarded Green's functions should be used in spacetimes with spacelike past infinity such as de Sitter spacetime. In particular, we remind the reader of a general formula which gives the field for given initial data on a Cauchy surface and a given source (a charge or stress-energy tensor distribution) in its future. We then apply this formula to three examples: (i) electromagnetism in the future of a Cauchy surface in Minkowski spacetime, (ii) electromagnetism in de Sitter spacetime, and (iii) linearized gravity in de Sitter spacetime. In each example the field is reproduced correctly as predicted by the general argument. In the third example we construct a linearized gravitational field from two equal point masses located at the ''North and South Poles'' which is nonsingular on the cosmological horizon and satisfies a covariant gauge condition and show that this field is reproduced by the retarded Green's function with corresponding gauge parameters.

A novel compact dual band-notched dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for ultrawideband (UWB) applications is proposed. Here, the bandwidth enhancement and the first band notch is realized by embedding a stub that is located to the hollow center of a U-shaped feedline simultaneously. By etching an inverted T-shaped parasitic strip at the back plane of an antenna that is surrounded by a dielectric resonator (DR), the second band rejection is created. By cutting a slot at the proper position on the ground plane, the width of the second band notch is controlled. The proposed antenna size is mm or about at 3.1 GHz. The measurement results demonstrate that the proposed DRA provides acceptable radiation performances such as an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth of around 122% with two sufficient band rejections in the frequency bands of 3.22-4.06 and 4.84-5.96 GHz, high radiation efficiency, and nearly constant gain.Index Terms-Band-notched, compact, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), ultrawideband (UWB) antenna.

The assessment of moisture loss from meat during the aging period is a critical issue for the meat industry. In this article, a non-invasive microwave ring-resonator sensor is presented to evaluate the moisture content, or more precisely water holding capacity (WHC) of broiler meat over a four-week period. The developed sensor has shown significant changes in its resonance frequency and return loss due to reduction in WHC in the studied duration. The obtained results are also confirmed by physical measurements. Further, these results are evaluated using the Fricke model, which provides a good fit for electric circuit components in biological tissue. Significant changes were observed in membrane integrity, where the corresponding capacitance decreases 30% in the early aging (0D-7D) period. Similarly, the losses associated with intracellular and extracellular fluids exhibit changed up to 42% and 53%, respectively. Ultimately, empirical polynomial models are developed to predict the electrical component values for a better understanding of aging effects. The measured and calculated values are found to be in good agreement.

In a recent paper [1] it was shown in examples that the covariant retarded Green's functions in particular gauges for electromagnetism and linearized gravity can be used to reproduce field configurations correctly in spite of the spacelike nature of past infinity in de Sitter spacetime. In this paper we extend the work of Ref.[1] concerning the electromagnetic field and show that the covariant retarded Green's function with an arbitrary value of the gauge parameter reproduces the electromagnetic field from two opposite charges at antipodal points of de Sitter spacetime.

We study conformally-coupled massive scalar field theory with the mass term treated as a perturbation in the expanding half of de Sitter spacetime as a toy model for comparing various perturbative formalisms. We point out that the in-out perturbation theory breaks down due to infrared divergences coming from the infinite future. We then clarify the relation between the free-theory vacuum and the true vacuum using the Bogolubov transformation and show that the discrepancy between the free-theory out-vacuum and the true vacuum causes apparent pair creation of freetheory particles and makes the in-out two-point function differ from the true two-point function. We also identify the infinite Bogolubov coefficients as the cause of infrared divergences. We then examine two alternative approaches: the Euclidean and in-in formalisms. We verify that there are no infrared divergences in perturbation theory with the mass term treated as a perturbation in either of these approaches and that the two-point function of massive scalar field is reproduced correctly by these methods.

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shown in Figure 7 with the simulation data at the same time. The performance summary is shown in Table 1.Core structures of the dual-band SIW filter are the CSRRs and CSRs. Relatively speaking, the influences of other geometrical parameters are not obvious. So that the filter has a potential to be much smaller. As shown in the photograph from Figure 8, length of the SIW is greatly reduced, and the taper microstrips are removed. After adjustment and optimization, its geometrical parameters are: l SIW 5 9 mm, w SIW 5 12 mm, r via 5 1 mm, w via 5 2 mm, w 2 5 1.2 mm, l 1 5 3 mm, l 3 5 1.9 mm, a 1 5 0.28 mm, b 5 5.2 mm, d 5 0.82 mm, g R3 5 0.3 mm u 1 5 0.22 mm, u 2 5 0.095 mm, h 5 7.5p, t 5 3.149 mm. The geometrical size of the simplified filter is 0.118k 0 3 0.184k 0 , where k 0 is the free space wavelength at the center frequency of lower passband. Furthermore, the performance of the filter does not decline with structure simplification, as shown in Figure 8, and Table 1.Due to processing inaccuracy, there are slight differences between the results of measurement and simulation. But overall, most of them are consistent, proving that the theoretical analysis of the design is correct. CONCLUSIONA new approach to design the dual-band SIW filter is proposed in this article. By modifying the CSRRs and loading them into the SIW with the CSRs together, the compact dual-band filters perform well. The interaction between the CSRRs and CSRs is discussed, indicating the potential on the combination of those two right/left-hand structures. After simulation and optimization, the proposed dual-band SIW filters are fabricated using normal PCB process. From the results of measurement, it can be seen that the proposed filters have good frequency selectivity, and excellent band rejection, which are consistent with the simulation results.ABSTRACT: This letter describes a size-independent effective permittivity of biological tissues, using microstrip ring resonator (MRR), to evaluate the moisture content more effectively. As permittivity is depends on material density, the optimum sample size where further size variations will not change the effective permittivity are identified. Using simulation and experimental results it is found that, a sample having thickness more than 9% of substrate height (t sub ) and width greater than 18.3% of guided wavelength (k g) shows size-independent effective permittivity. Both simulation and experimental results are in good agreement (within 3%). These findings allow more effective characterization of muscles according to their moisture content. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:4-9, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.