Plant diseases result in 20–40%
of agricultural loss every
year worldwide. Timely detection of plant diseases can effectively
prevent the development and spread of diseases and ensure the agricultural
yield. High-throughput and rapid methods are in great demand. This
review investigates the advanced application of Raman spectroscopy
(RS) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in the detection
of plant diseases. The determination of bacterial diseases and stress-induced
diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases, pests in beans, and mycotoxins
related to plant diseases using RS and SERS are discussed in detail.
Then, biomarkers for RS and SERS detection are analyzed with regard
to plant disease diagnosis. Finally, the advantages and challenges
are further illustrated. Additionally, potential alternatives are
proposed for the challenges. The review is expected to provide a reference
and guidance for the use of RS and SERS in plant disease diagnostics.
Detection of infected kernels is important for Fusarium head blight (FHB) prevention and product quality assurance in wheat. In this study, Raman spectroscopy (RS) and deep learning networks were used for the determination of FHB-infected wheat kernels. First, the RS spectra of healthy, mild, and severe infection kernels were measured and spectral changes and band attribution were analyzed. Then, the Inception network was improved by residual and channel attention modules to develop the recognition models of FHB infection. The Inception–attention network produced the best determination with accuracies in training set, validation set, and prediction set of 97.13%, 91.49%, and 93.62%, among all models. The average feature map of the channel clarified the important information in feature extraction, itself required to clarify the decision-making strategy. Overall, RS and the Inception–attention network provide a noninvasive, rapid, and accurate determination of FHB-infected wheat kernels and are expected to be applied to other pathogens or diseases in various crops.
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