Two genes controlling the purple pericarp trait in wheat, TaPpm1 and TaPpb1, are identified and the mechanism by which they co-regulate anthocyanin synthesis is proposed.

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Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) is an attractive method for the proteome-wide characterization of protein structures and interactions. Currently, the depth of in vivo XL-MS studies is lagging behind the established applications to cell lysates, because cross-linking reagents that can penetrate intact cells and strategies to enrich cross-linked peptides lack efficiency. To tackle these limitations, we have developed a phosphonate-containing cross-linker, tBu-PhoX, that efficiently permeates various biological membranes and can be robustly enriched using routine immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. We have established a tBu-PhoXbased in vivo XL-MS approach that enables cross-links in intact human cells to be identified in high numbers with substantially reduced analysis time. Collectively, the developed cross-linker and XL-MS approach pave the way for the comprehensive XL-MS characterization of living systems.

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In this paper, overcharge behaviors of a large format lithium-ion battery with Li(Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 )O 2 cathode for electric vehicles are investigated, and the overcharge-induced degradation and failure mechanisms of the whole overcharge process are studied using both in-situ and ex-situ techniques. The whole overcharge-to-thermal runaway process can be characterized as four stages. In stage I, no obvious capacity fade is observed due to the excessive capacity of both cathode and anode. In stage II, once the state of charge (SoC) exceeds 130%, the decomposition of active materials at elevated potential dominates the capacity decay. Meanwhile, the loss of lithium inventory occurs resulting from lithium plating and other lithium involved side reactions concomitantly with the oxidation of electrolyte. In stage III, when the cell is overcharged up to 145% SoC, the structures of both the cathode and anode collapse and the component of cathode changes. As a result, cell temperature begins to rise more dramatically, which adversely leads to more aggressive side reactions, causing cell failure. In stage IV, the cell ruptures and thermal runaway happens, as a result of internal short circuit. This work provides deeper insights into the degradation and failure mechanisms of lithium-ion battery during the whole overcharge process.